1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Acids  Can release detectable hydrogen ions  Bases  Proton acceptors  Neutralization reaction  Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings pH  Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions  pH 7 = neutral  pH below 7 = acidic  pH above 7 = basic  Buffers: chemicals that can regulate pH change Figure 2.11

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Carbohydrates  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Include sugars and starches  Classified according to size  Monosaccharides – simple sugars  Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis  Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates DISACCHARIDES ANIMATION Figure 2.12a–b PRESS TO PLAY

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates POLYSACCHARIDES ANIMATION Figure 2.12c PRESS TO PLAY

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Dehydration Synthesis

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellulose

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Lipids  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen  Insoluble in water LIPIDS ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Common lipids in the human body  Neutral fats (triglycerides)  Found in fat deposits  Composed of fatty acids and glycerol  Source of stored energy

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Common lipids in the human body (continued)  Phospholipids  Form cell membranes  Steroids  Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Contains chains of mostly C and H (fatty acids tails) with a backbone containing C, H, and O (glycerol head)  Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.  Lipid, triacylglycerol (circulating fat), triglyceride(storage form of fat), phospholipid(cell membrane), steroid  Saturated Fat – completely saturated with hydrogen no double bonds  unsaturated fat – contains one double bond  polyunsaturated fat – contains more than one double bond  Fatty Acid Tails are - Hydrophobic  Glycerol Heads (backbone) are - Hydrophylic

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Figure 2.14a–b

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Saturated Fat – completely saturated with hydrogen no double bonds Unsaturated fat – contains one double bond

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cholesterol  The basis for all steroids made in the body Figure 2.14c

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Proteins  Made of amino acids  Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins  Account for over half of the body’s organic matter  Provides for construction materials for body tissues  Plays a vital role in cell function  Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies CHEMISTRY OF LIFE © PROTEINS: ENZYME ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzymes  Act as biological catalysts  Increase the rate of chemical reactions Figure 2.17

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protein Structure  Primary Structure– straight protein chain  Secondary Structure – protein starts to bind to itself an kink the chain  Tertiary Structure – Protein starts to wrap and fold around itself  Quaternary Structure – Protein starts to fold and wrap around other proteins

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are the monomer links which make up the polymer DNA or RNA Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information Each nucleotide contains a 5-C sugar as either ribose or deoxyribose phosphate group (PO 4 - ) and a Nitrogenous base (either: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, or Uracil (only in RNA) DNA uses the sugar Deoxyribose RNA uses the sugar Ribose

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

26. Important Organic Compounds  Nucleic Acids  Provide blueprint of life  Nucleotide bases  A = Adenine  G = Guanine  C = Cytosine  T = Thymine  U = Uracil  Make DNA and RNA

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)  Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix  Replicates before cell division  Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.18c

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  Chemical energy used by all cells  Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond  ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Figure 2.19a