2. Energy economy of the cells
Glucose --- ready cash
Lipids --- savings account
Fatty acids (from triacylglycerols)
catabolization Citric acid cycle ATP
Acetyl-CoA
synthesis
Lipids

3. Catabolism of Lipids

4. Phospholipiase D
in spider and snake venom
Lipid products of hydrolysis
Lyse red blood cells
Prevent clot formation

5. Hormone-dependent
hydrolysis of
triacylglyerols

6. The formation of an acetyl-CoA in cytosol
(activation step requires two ATP)

7. Role of carnitine in the transfer of acyl groups to the mitochondrial matrix
acyltransferase
Carnitine
translocase

8. b-oxidation of saturated fatty acids
One cycle:
2 C shorten
1 acetyl-CoA formed
1 FADH2 formed
1 NADH formed

9. Degradation of stearic acid (18 C) through b-oxidation

10. The energy yield from the oxidation of fatty acids
CH3(CH2)16C-S-CoA + 8FAD + 8NAD+ + 8H2O + 8CoA-SH
9CH3-C-S-CoA + 8FADH2 + 8NADH + 8H+ O O
9CH3-C-S-CoA + 9FAD + 27NAD + + 9GDP + 9Pi + 27 H2O
18CO2 + 9CoA-SH + 9FADH2 + 27NADH + 9GTP + 27H+
17FADH O ADP Pi FAD ATP + 17 H2O
35NADH + 35H O ADP Pi NAD ATP + 35H2O O
CH3(CH2)16C-S-CoA + 26O ADP + 122Pi
18CO2 + 17H2O ATP + CoA-SH
one 18C fatty acid ATP one 6C glucose ATP

11. The balance sheet for oxidation of one molecule of stearic acid
Cytosol
Matrix in mitochondia
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain O
CH3(CH2)16C-S-CoA + 26O ADP + 122Pi
18CO2 + 17H2O ATP + CoA-SH
Metabolic water

12. The oxidation of a fatty acid containing an odd number
of carbon atoms

13. b-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids

14. The oxidation pathways for polyunsaturated fatty acids

15. The anabolism of fatty acids
● Oxaloacetate
and acetyl-CoA
can not cross through
mitochondria membrane
but citrate can.
fatty acid synthesis
in cytosol

16. The formation of malonyl-CoA ---
the first step in anabolism of fatty acids
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

17. Three proteins making up acetyl-CoA carboxylase

18. The first cycle of palmitate synthesis
ACP: acyl carrier protein
Fatty acid synthase

19. ACP has a functional group that is structurally similar
to coenzyme A

20. The second cycle of palmitate synthesis in E. coli
16C saturated fatty acid (palmitate)
In E. coli,
multienzyme system
In eukaryotes,
multifunctional enzyme

21. A comparison of fatty acid degradation and biosynthesis

22. Chain lengthening beyond 16C

23. Pathways for the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols

24. Pathways for the biosynthesis of phosphoacylglycerols (I)
In E. coli

25. Pathways for the biosynthesis of phosphoacylglycerols (II)
In mammals

27. The interconversion of PE and PS in mammals

28. The anabolism of cholesterol
● Most of the cholesterol formed in the smooth ER of the liver in mammals

29. The biosynthesis of mevalonate
2 acetyl-CoA
●This step is inhibited by high levels of cholesterol
and is the major control point of cholesterol synthesis
●A target for drugs to lower cholesterol levels in the body
●lovastatin an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase

30. The synthesis of Squalene

31. The synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol

32. The synthesis of
steroid hormones
from cholesterol

33. The role of cholesterol in heart disease
● Deposition of cholesterol plaques atherosclerosis
● Cholesterol is transported by lipoproteins in bloodstream
● Lipoprotein aggregates are classified by their densities

34. LDL (low-density lipoproteins) particles
Lipids:
cholesterol
triacylglycerols
cholerserol esters
phospholipids

35. The fate of cholesterol in the cell
lysosomes
Proteins in LDL amino acids
Cholesterol ester fatty acids +
cholesterol
ACAT
(acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase)
HMG-CoA reductase
Synthesis of LDL receptors