1. Forensic Biology by Richard Li
Chapter 3: Crime Scene Investigation and Laboratory Analysis of Biological Evidence
Forensic Biology by Richard Li

2. Forensic Investigations Involving Biological Evidence
Requires:
Crime scene examination
Scene security, documentation, collection and preservation of evidence
Laboratory analysis
Utilizes scientific techniques for evidence examination, identification of biological fluids, and the comparison of individual characteristics

3. Crime Scene Investigation
Protecting and securing the scene:
Duty of the first officer on the scene
Only authorized personnel
Use log sheet
Obtain medical attention if needed
Proper supplies and devices must be utilized
E.g. Disposable suits, face mask, disposable gloves and booties

4. Crime Scene Investigation
Documentation
Sketch
Rough and Finished
Photographs
Use photo log sheet
Use scale
Video

5. Crime Scene Investigation
Chain of Custody- lists custody information at every point in time when evidence is handled or transferred

6. Crime Scene Investigation
Recognition of probative biological evidence
Corpus delicti evidence
Evidence that a crime has occurred
Context-dependent
Victim-to-perpetrator linkage evidence
Victim-to-scene linkage evidence
Perpetrator-to-scene linkage evidence
Case-to-case linkage evidence
Modus operandi
Ted Bundy

7. Ted Bundy Serial killer
Murdered more than 30 women; may have been more than 100 ( )
Modus operandi
Often approached victims in public places
Used various ruses to gain their trust
Pretended to have a broken leg (fake cast and crutches)
Posed as police officer, fireman
Targeted middle-class, young females (15-25)
Hand-cuffed and then raped and bludgeoned victims
Dumped bodies

8. Mug shot taken after arrest in Utah, 1975
Items taken from Bundy’s Volkswagon, Aug

9. Bundy victims: 1972
January 4: "Joni Lenz" (pseudonym) (survived). University of Washington first-year student who was bludgeoned in her bed as she slept.
February 1: Lynda Ann Healy (21). Bludgeoned while asleep and abducted from the house she shared with other female University of Washington students.
March 12: Donna Gail Manson (19). Abducted while walking to a jazz concert on the Evergreen State College campus, Olympia, Washington. Bundy confessed to her murder, but her body was never found.
April 17: Susan Elaine Rancourt (18). Disappeared as she walked across Ellensburg's Central Washington State College campus at night.
May 6: Roberta Kathleen "Kathy" Parks (22). Vanished from Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon while walking to another dormitory to have coffee with friends.
June 1: Brenda Carol Ball (22). Disappeared from the Flame Tavern in Burien, Washington.
June 11: Georgeann Hawkins (18). Disappeared from behind her sorority house, Kappa Alpha Theta, at the University of Washington.

10. Bundy victims: 1974
July 14: Janice Ann Ott (23) and Denise Marie Naslund (19). Abducted several hours apart from Lake Sammamish State Park in Issaquah, Washington.
September 2: Unknown teenage hitchhiker, Idaho. Confessed before his execution. No remains found.
October 2: Nancy Wilcox (16). Disappeared in Holladay, Utah. Her body was never found.
October 18: Melissa Anne Smith (17). Vanished from Midvale, Utah, after leaving a pizza parlor.
October 31: Laura Aime (17). Disappeared from a Halloween party at Lehi, Utah.
November 8: Carol DaRonch (survived). Escaped from Bundy by jumping out from his car in Murray, Utah.
November 8: Debra "Debby" Kent (17). Vanished from the parking lot of a school in Bountiful, Utah, hours after Carol DaRonch escaped from Bundy. Shortly before his execution, Bundy confessed to investigators that he dumped Kent at a site near Fairview, Utah. An intense search of the site produced a human patella (knee cap), which matched the profile for someone of Kent's age and size. DNA testing has not been attempted.

11. Crime Scene Investigation
Locard Exchange Principle:
Cross-transference of evidence occurs when a perpetrator has any physical contact with something or someone else
Scene
Perpetrator
Victim

12. Crime Scene Investigation
Searches
Alternate Light Source (ALS)
Types
Spiral
Strip (parallel)
Grid
Quadrant/Zone

18. Crime Scene Investigation
Collection
Only done after documentation is complete
Consider collecting entire item if small enough or mobile; sometimes may have to collect large item (e.g. car – see Bundy’s Volkswagon next slide)
Considerations
Bloodstain pattern evidence
Multiple analysis of evidence
Trace evidence
Control samples
Size of the stain
Wet Evidence

19. Crime Scene Investigation

20. Crime Scene Investigation
Packaging and Transportation
Goal: protect and preserve evidence
Avoid heat and humidity
Package items separately
Allow wet items to air dry
Use paper!
Label properly and seal

21. Laboratory Analysis Identification of biological evidence
Comparison of individual characteristics of biological evidence

22. Laboratory Analysis Class Characteristics Individual Characteristics
Can be placed into a category with other similar materials
Examples?
Individual Characteristics
Evidence possesses characteristics that share a common origin with a reference sample
Examples? Proof?

23. Laboratory Analysis
Final steps:
Reporting results
Expert testimony