1. Chapter 5

3. Big Questions How are molecules of biological systems constructed?
What functions do these molecules have in relation to biological systems?
How do these molecules interact in living systems?

4. Questions
How are macromolecule polymers assembled from monomers?  How are they broken down?
How can you tell a biological molecule is a carbohydrate?
Explain the relationship between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Why are starch and glycogen useful as energy storage molecules, while cellulose is useful for structure and support?  Why isn’t cellulose easily broken down?
How do herbivores solve the problem of cellulose digestion?
How can you tell a biological molecule is a lipid?
Chemically, what is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?  How does this difference affect the properties of the molecules?
How are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids similar?  How do they differ?

5. (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
Fig. 5-5
1–4
glycosidic
linkage
Glucose
Glucose
Maltose
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
1–2
glycosidic
linkage
Glucose
Fructose
Sucrose
(b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose

6. (a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide
Fig. 5-6
Chloroplast
Starch
Mitochondria
Glycogen granules
0.5 µm
1 µm
Amylose
Glycogen
Amylopectin
(a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide
(b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide

7. Cell walls Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall Microfibril
Fig. 5-8
Cell walls
Cellulose
microfibrils
in a plant
cell wall
Microfibril
10 µm
0.5 µm
Cellulose
molecules
Glucose
monomer

9. The structure of the chitin monomer. Chitin forms the
Fig. 5-10
The structure
of the chitin
monomer.
Chitin forms the
exoskeleton of
arthropods.
Chitin is used to make
a strong and flexible
surgical thread.

10. Peptidoglycan Cell wall

11. Fatty acid (palmitic acid)
Fig. 5-11
Fatty acid
(palmitic acid)
Glycerol
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
Ester linkage
(b) Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)

12. Structural formula of a saturated fat molecule Stearic acid, a
Fig. 5-12
Structural
formula of a
saturated fat
molecule
Stearic acid, a
saturated fatty
acid
(a) Saturated fat
Structural formula
of an unsaturated
fat molecule
Oleic acid, an
unsaturated
fatty acid
cis double
bond causes
bending
(b) Unsaturated fat

13. Choline Phosphate Hydrophilic head Glycerol Fatty acids
Fig. 5-13ab
Choline
Phosphate
Hydrophilic head
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Hydrophobic tails
(a)
Structural formula
(b)
Space-filling model

14. Fig. 5-15

15. Questions Why are proteins the most complex biological molecules?
Draw the structure of a general amino acid.  Label the carboxyl group, the amino group, and the variable (‘R’) group.
Draw the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids.
How does the structure of the ‘R’ group affect the properties of a particular amino acid?
Define each of the following levels of protein structure and explain the bonds that contribute to them:
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
How can the structure of a protein be changed (“denatured”)?
Draw a nucleotide.  Label the phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
Explain the three major structural differences between RNA and DNA.

16. Table 5-1

17. Fig. 5-UN1
 carbon
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group

18. Fig. 5-21b +H3N Amino end Amino acid subunits Carboxyl end 1 5 10 1520 25 75 80 85 90 95
105
100
110
115
120
125
Carboxyl end

19. Secondary Structure  pleated sheet Examples of amino acid subunits
Fig. 5-21c
Secondary Structure
 pleated sheet
Examples of
amino acid
subunits
 helix

20. Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure
Fig. 5-21e
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure

21. Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions Polypeptide
Fig. 5-21f
Hydrophobic
interactions and
van der Waals
interactions
Polypeptide
backbone
Hydrogen
bond
Disulfide bridge
Ionic bond

22. Polypeptide  Chains chain Iron Heme  Chains Hemoglobin Collagen
Fig. 5-21g
Polypeptide
chain
 Chains
Iron
Heme
 Chains
Hemoglobin
Collagen

23. DNA 1 Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM mRNA 2
Fig
DNA 1
Synthesis of
mRNA in the
nucleus
mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
mRNA 2
Movement of
mRNA into cytoplasm
via nuclear pore
Ribosome 3
Synthesis
of protein
Amino
acids
Polypeptide

24. (a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid (c) Nucleoside components: sugars
Fig. 5-27
5 end
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
5C
3C
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous
base
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T, in DNA)
Uracil (U, in RNA)
Purines
Phosphate
group
Sugar
(pentose)
5C
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
3C
(b) Nucleotide
Sugars
3 end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Ribose (in RNA)
(c) Nucleoside components: sugars

25. (c) Nucleoside components: nitrogenous bases
Fig. 5-27c-1
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T, in DNA)
Uracil (U, in RNA)
Purines
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
(c) Nucleoside components: nitrogenous bases

26. (c) Nucleoside components: sugars
Fig. 5-27c-2
Sugars
Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Ribose (in RNA)
(c) Nucleoside components: sugars

27. 5' end 3' end Sugar-phosphate backbones Base pair (joined by
Fig. 5-28
5' end
3' end
Sugar-phosphate
backbones
Base pair (joined by
hydrogen bonding)
Old strands
Nucleotide
about to be
added to a
new strand
3' end
5' end
New
strands
5' end
3' end
5' end
3' end

28. Fig. 5-UN2

29. Fig. 5-UN2a

30. Fig. 5-UN2b