1. 1.Review- Name four groups of organic compounds found in living things Explain- Describe at least one function of each group of organic compounds Infer- Why are proteins considered polymers but lipids not
2.Observe- What atoms constitute the compound above Classify- what class of macromolecules does the compound belong to

2. Ch 2 Chemistry of Life
2.3 Carbon Compounds

3. Organic chemistry means the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms, while inorganic chemistry is the study of all other compounds
In the early 1800s, many chemists called the compounds created by organisms “organic,” believing they were fundamentally different from compounds in nonliving things.

4. The Chemistry of Carbon
Have four valence electrons
Allows them to form 4 strong covalent bonds with many other elements
Living organisms are made up of molecules that consist of carbon and other elements.

5. The Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon atoms can also bond to carbon atoms
Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds
Chains of carbon atoms can also form rings.

6. Macromolecules Made from 1000’s or even 100,000’s of smaller molecules
Formed by a process known as polymerization
Large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together.

7. Macromolecules The smaller units When the monomers join together.
Polymers
When the monomers join together.

8. Macromolecules Sorted into groups based on their chemical composition
Four major groups are Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids, and Proteins.

9. Carbohydrates Only contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Always the same ration CH2O
Sugars are the subunits and may vary in number of carbons it contains
To make a carb., hook many sugars together.

10. Simple Sugars Monosaccharides Disaccharide Not all sugars are sweet.
Single sugar molecules
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Disaccharide
Compound made of two single sugars
Sucrose
Not all sugars are sweet.

11. Uses of Carbohydrates
Energy
Storage
Building.

12. Carbohydrates
Store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates. The monomers in starch polymers are sugar molecules, such as glucose.

13. Complex Carbohydrates
Large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are known as polysaccharides.

14. Complex Carbohydrates
Starch
Energy storage in plants, human food source
Cellulose
Structure in plants, humans cannot digest
Glycogen
Energy storage in animals.

15. Lipids Only contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Consists of long Carbon chains with Hydrogens attached
Very efficient at storing energy- 2X per mass as carbs.

16. Other Uses of Lipids
Cholesterol
Hormones
Steroids
Phospholipids.

17. Lipids
Formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids.

18. Lipids Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated
Each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond
Unsaturated
At least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid
Polyunsaturated
Contain more than one double bond.

19. Lipids Unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature
Saturated fatty acids tend to be solid at room temperature.

20. Nucleic Acids Used for hereditary information Made of Nucleotides
Contain a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base
Nucleotides join together to form Nucleic acids.

21. Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
Two kinds of nucleic acids:
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

23. Protein Used for muscle, cell structure, and enzymes
Formed using the subunit Amino Acids
Always have the pattern N-C-C.

24. Amino Acids 20 different amino acids Plants can make all 20, we can’t
Amino group (–NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (–COOH) on the other.

25. Making a Protein Peptide Bonds
Covalent bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide.

26. Levels of Organization
Proteins have four levels of structure
Primary structure is the sequence of its amino acids
Secondary structure is the folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain.

27. Levels of Organization
Tertiary structure is the complete, three-dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain
Quaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple polypeptides
Hemoglobin has four subunits (4 polypeptides).