1. EE414 VLSI Design Design Metrics in Design Metrics in VLSI Design [Adapted from Rabaey’s Digital Integrated Circuits, ©2002, J. Rabaey et al.]

2. EE414 VLSI Design Design Metrics l How to evaluate performance of a digital circuit (gate, block, …)? »Cost »Reliability »Scalability »Speed (delay, operating frequency) »Power dissipation »Energy to perform a function

3. EE414 VLSI Design Design Metrics l 34 nm 32 GbFlash memory chip (Intel)

4. EE414 VLSI Design Cost of Integrated Circuits l NRE (non-recurrent engineering) costs »design time and effort, mask generation »one-time cost factor l Recurrent costs »silicon processing, packaging, test »proportional to volume »proportional to chip area

5. EE414 VLSI Design NRE Cost is Increasing

6. EE414 VLSI Design Die Cost Single die Wafer From http://www.amd.com Going up to 12” (30cm)

7. EE414 VLSI Design Cost per Transistor 0.0000001 0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 1982198519881991 1994 199720002003200620092012 cost: ¢-per-transistor Fabrication capital cost per transistor (Moore’s law)

8. EE414 VLSI Design Yield

9. EE414 VLSI Design Defects  is approximately 3 Yield =25%Yield = 83%

10. EE414 VLSI Design Yield Examples (1994) ChipMetal layers Line width Wafer cost Def./ cm 2 Area mm 2 Dies/ wafer YieldDie cost 386DX 20.90$9001.04336071%$4 486 DX2 30.80$12001.08118154%$12 Power PC 601 40.80$17001.312111528%$53 HP PA 7100 30.80$13001.01966627%$73 DEC Alpha 30.70$15001.22345319%$149 Super Sparc 30.70$17001.62564813%$272 Pentium 30.80$15001.5296409%$417

11. EE414 VLSI Design Example l You want to start a company to build a wireless communications chip. How much venture capital must you raise? l Because you are smarter than everyone else, you can get away with a small team in just two years: »Seven digital designers »Three analog designers »Five support personnel From lecture : Scaling and Economics by David Harris

12. EE414 VLSI Design Solution l Digital designers: »$70k salary »$30k overhead »$10k computer »$10k CAD tools »Total: $120k * 7 = $840k l Analog designers »$100k salary »$30k overhead »$10k computer »$100k CAD tools »Total: $240k * 3 = $720k l Support staff »$45k salary »$20k overhead »$5k computer »Total: $70k * 5 = $350k l Fabrication »Back-end tools: $1M »Masks: $1M »Total: $2M / year l Summary »2 years @ $3.91M / year »$8M design & prototype From lecture : Scaling and Economics by David Harris

13. EE414 VLSI Design Reliability― Noise in Digital Integrated Circuits V DD v(t) i(t) (a) Inductive coupling(b) Capacitive coupling (c) Power and ground noise

14. EE414 VLSI Design DC Operation Voltage Transfer Characteristic V(x) V(y) V OH V OL V M V OH V OL f V(y)=V(x) Switching Threshold Nominal Voltage Levels VOH = f(VOL) VOL = f(VOH) VM = f(VM)

15. EE414 VLSI Design Mapping between analog and digital signals

16. EE414 VLSI Design Definition of Noise Margins Noise margin high Noise margin low V IH V IL Undefined Region "1" "0" V OH V OL NM H L Gate Output Gate Input

17. EE414 VLSI Design Noise Budget l Allocates gross noise margin to expected sources of noise l Differentiate between fixed and proportional noise sources l Sources: supply noise, cross talk, interference, offset l Shielding: metal lines and guard rings used to lower signal interference

18. EE414 VLSI Design Key Reliability Properties l Absolute noise margin values are deceptive »a floating node is more easily disturbed than a node driven by a low impedance (in terms of voltage) l Noise immunity is the more important metric – the capability to suppress noise sources l Key metrics: Noise transfer functions, Output impedance of the driver and input impedance of the receiver;

19. EE414 VLSI Design Regenerative Property Regenerative Non-Regenerative

20. EE414 VLSI Design Regenerative Property

21. EE414 VLSI Design Fan-in and Fan-out Fan-out: Number of load gates, N, that are connected to the output of the driving gate tends to lower the logic levels deteriorates dynamic performance gate must have low output resistance to drive load library cells have maximum fan-out specification Fan-in: Number of inputs, M, to the gate large fan-in gates are more complex results in inferior static and dynamic performance

22. EE414 VLSI Design Fan-in and Fan-out

23. EE414 VLSI Design The Ideal Gate V in V out g=  R i =  R o = 0 Fanout =  NM H = NM L = V DD /2 Characteristics

24. EE414 VLSI Design An Old-time Inverter

25. EE414 VLSI Design Delay Definitions t V out t V in 50% 10% 90% t pLH t pHL trtr tftf

26. EE414 VLSI Design Ring Oscillator

27. EE414 VLSI Design A First-Order RC Network v out v in C R t p = ln (2)  = 0.69 RC Important model – matches delay of inverter

28. EE414 VLSI Design Power Dissipation Instantaneous power: p(t) = v(t)i(t) = V supply i(t) Peak power: P peak = V supply i peak Average power:

29. EE414 VLSI Design Energy and Energy-Delay Power-Delay Product (PDP) = E = Energy per operation = P av  t p Energy-Delay Product (EDP) = quality metric of gate = E  t p

30. EE414 VLSI Design A First-Order RC Network v out v in CLCL R

31. EE414 VLSI Design Summary l Digital integrated circuits have come a long way and still have some potential left for the coming decades l Some interesting challenges ahead »Getting a clear perspective on the challenges and potential solutions »Understanding the design metrics that govern digital design is crucial »Optimize the design metrics - cost, reliability, speed, power and energy dissipation