1. Design Partitioning

2. Chapter 3

3. H/W – S/W Partitioning Why so much concern over the H/W – S/W partitioning decision? Because the lines between H/W and S/W are blurring making the decision seem “obvious”… …which can lead to grave mistakes

4. H/W – S/W Partitioning The partitioning decision has a significant impact on various aspects of the project –Overall cost (development and production) –Overall time (development and production) –Overall success/failure (risk)

5. H/W – S/W Duality Anything that can be done in digital hardware can be done in software Anything that can be done in software can be done in digital hardware Examples? This “duality” is why the partitioning decision is such an issue To make matters worse(?), it’s getting harder and harder to define the line between hardware and software

6. H/W – S/W Partitioning The decision space is multi-dimensional –Microprocessor architecture –Algorithm complexity –Physical space –Development resources Available expertise Available time Available money Available tools –etc. “In practice, the analysis of trade-offs for partitioning a system is most often an informal process done with pencil and paper or spreadsheets.”

7. H/W – S/W Partitioning If it’s so important, why is it delegated to an informal process? Because it’s too hard (impossible?) to formalize/automate the traversal of the multi- dimensional space –There’s just too much data affecting the decision –It’s a optimization problem and optimization problems are [in general] difficult to solve –Artificial Intelligence researchers have struggled with this type of problem for over 40 years!

8. H/W – S/W Partitioning Generally accepted approach is to put off the final decision as long as possible This way you will have gathered as much information as possible “Path of least commitment” This is the approach adopted by AI researchers –Consider the chess playing machines

9. Hardware Trends H/W – S/W partitioning used to be easy –If you had a complex algorithm, you wrote software Hardware design/implementation just took too long and designs were error prone Silicon real estate was just too expensive

10. Hardware Trends Then smart people like Carver Mead (CalTech) came along and spoiled things –His seminal book Introduction to VLSI Design [1980] made it look “simple” Then along came Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) technology –Generic term but here we’ll use it to mean “programmable gate arrays” –Suddenly, you didn’t need a silicon foundry to create custom chips – you could do it in your office

11. Hardware Trends Then along came Hardware Design Languages (Verilog and VHDL) –Programmer’s can be hardware designers with no additional training And finally, the foundries (fab-houses) keep shrinking the “technology” (size of gates) on the silicon and increasing the wafer sizes –Higher density (transistors/unit area) provides smaller devices and faster circuits –More devices per wafer reduce processing costs

12. Programmer’s Can Be Hardware Designers? Verilog HDL module simple; reg [0:7] A, B; // -- declare two 8-bit registers reg C; // -- declare one 1-bit register initial begin: stop_at #20; $stop; // -- run for 20 clock cycles end initial begin: Init A = 0; $display(“Time A B C”); // -- debug output $monitor(“ %0d %b %b %b”, $time, A, B, C); // -- debug output end always begin: main_process #1 A = A + 1; #1 B[0:3] = ~A[4:7]; #1 C = &A[6:7]; end endmodule

13. Verilog HDL The two initial blocks and the always blocks run concurrently –The initial blocks run once –The always block loops until the simulation stops The variables/functions preceded by $ are simulation variables/functions (not part of the circuit) The #1 ’s in the always block are 1 time-unit delays

14. Verilog HDL Simulation output: Time A BC 0 00000000 xxxxxxxxx 100000001xxxxxxxxx 2000000011110xxxxx 3000000011110xxxx0 4000000101110xxxx0 5000000101101xxxx0 7000000111101xxxx0 8000000111100xxxx0 9000000111100xxxx1 10000001001100xxxx1 11000001001011xxxx1 12000001001011xxxx0 13000001011011xxxx0 14000001011010xxxx0 16000001101010xxxx0 17000001101001xxxx0 19000001111001xxxx0 Stop at simulation time 20 Note: the $monitor only produces output when a register value changes

15. Verilog HDL Two key points here: –First [and most obvious] the “hardware design” looks an awful lot like “C” code And it’s run through a compiler that acts an awful lot like a “C” compiler –Whereas a “C” compiler generates assembly language statements targeted for a specific computer architecture, a Verilog compiler generates commands used in creating a circuit on the target device

16. Verilog HDL Two key points here: –Second, the design was run through a hardware simulator –This means that the design can be debugged prior to spending time and money fabricating the device!

17. How Does It Help? Since –the H/W and S/W development tasks are starting to look similar, –and their designs are developed/simulated on the same workstation platform –bugs can be caught earlier Rather than write S/W to simulate the hardware (as a means of testing the software) we can link the actual software to the hardware (Verilog) simulation –This also eliminates the possibility of bugs in the test software

18. Goal The goal is to find design bugs early!!! System specification and design Hardware and software design/debug Prototype debug System test Cost to fix Design cycle

19. The Moral of the Story Even though hardware is developed by writing software, the cost to fix it as time goes on is still tremendous –Eventually, it ends up on a piece of silicon that is manufactured by someone else Within another part of your company By an outside vendor in the case of “fab-less design houses” –Especially true as systems get more and more highly integrated (system on chip) –Many design teams will budget resources for multiple “chip spins” to alleviate the pain of bugs

20. What’s the Catch? But all of these worries go away since we now have hardware and software environments that can be merged together, right? Wrong! –Even the simplest of Verilog hardware simulations can take hours to run –Simulation tools are expensive –Exhaustive testing is very difficult

21. What’s the Payoff? If you can afford the tools… and you can tolerate the simulation time… and everything works as planned… then the hardware software/software integration phase is [almost] trivial This is referred to as “co-verification” –The hardware and software are being verified concurrently

22. The Two Co’s Co-design –The process of developing the hardware and software simultaneously –We almost always do this, albeit the software is often untested w.r.t. the actual hardware Co-verification –The process of verifying the correctness of the complete hardware/software system as a single unit including actual interfaces between the two

23. Risk Management Hardware is the biggest risk Hardware testing as a means of risk management –Test vectors – literally vectors of 0’s and 1’s that exercise all of the functionality of the hardware –Designers specify the input and expected-output pairs

24. Risk Management (cont.) –Testers then run the inputs, the simulation generates the outputs, and the compares them to the expected-outputs Testers may be part of the design team Testers may be employees of the fabrication facility –Fabrication facility requires this because they want your business!

25. Risk Management Realistically, you won’t exhaustively test the hardware Realistically, the parts you don’t test are the parts that fail

26. Test Vectors In some cases you may be able to generate these automatically –The HDL compiler can be used to generate test vectors by creating I/O functions –You just write a little bit of code that exercises the circuit code In some cases you may only have time to check the “extreme cases” –You assume that if those work then all the cases in between will also work

27. Co-design/Co-verification As useful (mandatory?) as these techniques seem, there’s still issues –Cost of the tools –Time to learn the tools –Execution time of the tools While us programmer’s can now design hardware using the tools, the bottom line is that if you want “good” hardware, have a hardware designer design it An analogous statement goes for software development Hardware/software integration remains a problem –“We’ll fix it in software” is a common industrial cry

28. And now… …on to the lab Interfacing to the outside world