1. Internal Troubles, External Threats—China, Ottoman Empire and Japan
Module 7
Internal Troubles, External Threats—China, Ottoman Empire and Japan
1800–1914

2. The External Challenge: European Industry and Empire
BACKGROUND: New Motives, New Means: Industrial Revolution fuels Europe’s expansion
Demand for raw materials, agricultural products
Need for markets to sell products
Foreign investment opportunities for Europeans
Growth of Mass Nationalism in Europe--imperialism popular
Colonies as status symbol
Technology allows overseas expansion
telegraphs (communication), steamships, quinine (medicine)
Rifles, machine guns
New Perception of the “Other”
Europeans view themselves as superior—based on science, technology, religion
Disparage other societies, races
“scientific racism” based on eugenics, other supposed measurable evidence (phrenology)
Duty to “civilize” lesser peoples: introduce progress, Christianity
Social Darwinism—survival of the fittest concept linked to human societies
China: Chinese authorities had controlled European activities for centuries
population had grown from about 100 million in 1685 to 430 million in 1853
But no industrial revolution – growing poverty, starvation
Bureaucracy doesn’t keep up with growing population
Warlords (regional nobility) and bandits gain increased power
Taiping uprising ( ) led by radical Christian Chinese Hong Xiuquan
Demanded reforms, revolted against imperial power
20-30 million Chinese killed in mass uprising

3. After Taiping rebellion crushed, provincial gentry (warlords) gain more power
Western pressure increases
Opium wars illustrate China’s weakness—Britain demands right to sell opium to China
Chinese imperial official try to outlaw the addictive drug, seize banned shipments
British go to war ( ) over failure of China to allow opium trade
Chinese defeated by British navy, required to accept free trade, opium, and cede land/ports
Second opium war— , British win again
China required to allow foreign missionaries, foreign navies to patrol Chinese rivers
China defeated by French and Japanese, also ceding territory afterwardsSelf
Self Strenghtening/Modernization movement by China –1880s-90s
Application of Confucian principles, some Western technology: too little, too late
Educated Chinese become disillusioned with Qing dynasty leaders
Boxer Rebellion (1900), Chinese attack Europeans, Chinese Christians
Drive for unified, modern nation, eventually leads to revolution, Republic in
The Ottoman Empire—like China, avoided direct colonial rule, attempted defensive modernization
Gradual loss of territory to Russia, Britain, Austria, France in Europe, North Africa, Middle East
Napoleon conquers Egypt, 1798
Greek, Serbia, Balkan states gain independence
European manufacture goods hurts Ottoman artisans
Foreign merchants win immunity from Ottoman laws, taxes.
After 1839 Tanzimat (reorganization) emerges—industrialization and modernization
Young Ottomans become “Young Turks” by 1900s—Turkish nation as goal, not empire

6. Military coup gives Young Turks real power
Outcomes: by 1900, both China and the Ottoman Empire were “semicolonies”
both gave rise to a new nationalist conception of society
China: the imperial system collapsed in 1911, followed by a vast revolution
creation of a Communist regime by 1949, within the same territory
Ottoman Empire: the empire collapsed following World War I
Chinese revolutionaries rejected Confucianism more than Turkish leaders rejected Islam
The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power
1853–1900: radical transformation of Japanese society—industrialization, modernization
Tokugawa years: internal peace
Daimyo regulated but retain some autonomy—country not unified by central authority
hierarchical society: samurai at the top, then peasants, artisans, and merchants
samurai evolved into a bureaucratic/administrative class
great economic growth, commercialization, urban development
by 1750, Japan was perhaps the most urbanized country
high literacy rates (40 percent of males, 15 percent of females)
corruption was widespread
American Intrusion and the Meiji Restoration
U.S. sends Commodore Perry in 1853 to demand opening of trade, better treatment of Americans
in 1868, a group of young samurai claim to restore boy emperor Meiji to power
aimed to save Japan from Western interference by transforming society
Selective borrowing from the West—missions sent to West to learn science, technology, fashion
State-guided industrialization program funds factories, mines, railroads, postal, telegraph systems
State enterprises evolve into massive state backed private corporations
Japan and the World—
Japan seeks control of territory in China, Korea, Indochina, Russia, goes to war, wins
Brutal colonial policies enforced in Taiwan, Korea, Manchuria

12. World War I provided the revolutionary moment
Russian Industrial Revolution was launched by the 1890s 
focused on railroads and heavy industry
substantial foreign investment 
industry was concentrated in a few major cities, large factories  
growing middle class disliked Russia’s deep conservatism
Russian working class rapidly radicalized 
 harsh conditions    
 no legal outlet for grievances   
 large-scale strikes 
Insurrection breaks out in 1905, after Russia defeated by Japan
Moscow/St. Petersburg workers go on strike, create representative councils (“soviets”)
peasant uprisings, student demonstrations
non-Russian nationalities revolted
military mutiny
brutally suppressed, but forced the tsar’s regime to make reforms—fails to bring stability
World War I provided the revolutionary moment
Russian Revolution broke out in 1917, brought the most radical to power: Bolsheviks
only in Russia did industrialization lead to violent social revolution
The Industrial Revolution and Latin America in the Nineteenth Century
The four vice-royalties of Spanish America became eighteen separate countries
international wars hindered development of the new nations
Political life unstable, conservative forces backed by church were strong
Military strongmen (caudillos) gained power, worked in conjunction with US/European corporations to develop extractive economies (agricultural—coffee, sugar, rubber, etc) using low paid labor

14. Slavery abolished (though not until late 1880s in Brazil and Cuba)
most legal distinctions between racial categories were abolished
but creole whites remained overwhelmingly in control
small middle class allowed social mobility for a few
the vast majority were impoverished
Facing the World Economy
after 1850: greater stability, integration into world economy
rapid growth of Latin American exports to industrializing countries
exported food products and raw materials
Becoming like Europe?
rapid population increase
rapid urbanization
actively sought European immigrants
few people benefited from the export boom--over 90 percent of the population still lower-class
Revolution in Mexico
overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Díaz (1876–1911) leads to major, bloody conflict (1910–1920
huge peasant armies
transformed Mexico
rich landowners and cattlemen vs peasants and urban poor
economic growth was dependent on Europe and North America
History and Horse Races: Who’s first, who’s superior