1. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009 Stefanie Korte

2. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte  Short Summary of PhD-Propsal  Outcome of Interest: Occurence and Level of RES-E Policy Change Outline of Presentation

3. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte Empirical Phenomenon  All EU member states have introduced some political support measures in order to promote RES-E technology and production.  But variation exists concerning the time point of innovation, reform the RES-E policy stringency respectively the level of state intervention Research Question  What political conditions facilitate or hinder RES-E policy change? Can political factors explain the level of RES-E policy change? Short Summary of PhD Proposal

4. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte  Scientific Interest Improve theoretical knowledge of (green) policy change  Theoretical Background Veto Player Theory (Tsebelis) Europeanization (Radaelli, Börzel)  Research Method Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fs/QCA)  Selected Countries 10-15 European Countries  Unit of Observation Legislative Periods between 1988 and 2005 Short Summary of PhD Proposal

5. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte Different Concepts of Policy Change: 1.Peter Hall (1993)  Theoretical Background: Learning Theories  Concept of Policy Change: 1st order change: change in policy settings 2nd oder change: change in instruments 3rd order change: change in policy goals 2.George Tsebelis (2002)  Theoretical Background: Veto Player Theory  Concept of Policy Change: Movement of status quo in policy space Level of change is the distance between status quo ante and status quo post Outcome of Interest: Policy Change

6. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte Application of the Concept of Policy Change  A relevant policy change refers to a significant movement of status quo in policy space  policy space is defined as the conflict dimension between free market competition and green protectionism  RES-E policy change therefore refers to a major change in the level of state intervention into the electricity market  A RES-E policy’s level of state intervention into the electricity market = RES-E policy stringency  What are the goals of state intervention? Outcome of Interest: Policy Change

7. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte  Goals of state intervention 1.Encourage investments into RES-E technology which is nearly mature but not competitive 2.Ensure the maintenance for long-term production of installed RES-E technologies 3.Encourage investments into less competitive technologies to diverse RES-E production in the long run  Public RES-E Policies give incentives to invest, to maintain and to diverse RES-E capacities. RES-E Policy Stringency

8. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte  Primary Support measures Feed-in tariffs Quota obligations Tender systems  Secondary Support Measures Investment subsidies, Soft Loans, Tax reductions on investments Tax incentives like energy tax exemption, carbon taxes  How do different instruments contribute to the three goals of state intervention? Policy Instruments

9. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte RES-E Stringency LOW COST GAP TECHNOLOGY (E.G. HYDRO, WIND) HIGH COST GAP TECHNOLOGY (E.G. PHOTOVOLTAIC) INVEST Yes, if policy refers to low cost gap technology Yes, if policy refers to high cost gap technology MAINTAIN no Investment Subsidies, Investment Tax Incentives, Soft Loans

10. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte RES-E Stringency LOW COST GAP, MATURE TECHNOLOGY (E.G. HYDRO, WIND) HIGH COST GAP, LESS MATURE TECHNOLOGY (E.G. PHOTOVOLTAIC) INVEST no MAINTAIN yes incentives only low: tax can be changed or abolished yes incentives only low: tax can be changed or abolished Energy Tax Exemptions, Carbon Tax

11. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte RES-E Stringency LOW COST GAP, MATURE TECHNOLOGY (E.G. HYDRO, WIND) HIGH COST GAP, LESS MATURE TECHNOLOGY (E.G. PHOTOVOLTAIC) INVEST Indirectly…. The higher guraranteed prices the stronger incentives Indirectly…. The higher guaranteed prices the stronger incentives MAINTAIN yes the longer the time period FiTs are guaranteed the stronger incentives yes the longer the time period FiTs are guaranteed the stronger incentives Feed-in Tariffs (FiT)

12. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte RES-E Stringency LOW COST GAP, MATURE TECHNOLOGY (E.G. HYDRO, WIND) HIGH COST GAP, LESS MATURE TECHNOLOGY (E.G. PHOTOVOLTAIC) INVEST Indirectly…. The higher penalties the higher incentives Minimum prices raise incentives Usually not Possible, if specific quota were adopted MAINTAIN yes the longer the quota obligations last and the faster they increase the stronger incentives yes the longer the quota obligations last and the faster they increase the stronger incentives Quota Obligation (QO)

13. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte RES-E Stringency LOW COST GAP, MATURE TECHNOLOGY (E.G. HYDRO, WIND) HIGH COST GAP, LESS MATURE TECHNOLOGY (E.G. PHOTOVOLTAIC) INVEST Yes If specific tendering calls are planned MAINTAIN Yes The longer the contracts the higher incentives If specific tendering calls are planned Tendering Systems

14. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte  Level of Policy Stringency RES-E policy stringency of a national policy mix in one dimension equals the sum of incentives given in this dimension National RES-E policy stringency is a function of the incentives given in each of the outlined dimensions.  Occurrence of RES-E Policy Change If a new policy instrument is introduced If a policy amendment results in a change of RES-E policy stringency  Level of Policy Change Is defined as the difference in the level of policy stringency of the status quo ante and the status quo post. RES-E Policy Stringency and RES-E Policy Change

15. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte Evolution of Main Policy Support Schemes in EU-15 Source: Resch et al. 2007

16. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte Questions for Discussion  Is the outlined application of the concept of Policy Stringency and Policy Change coherent?  Is it really feasible to operationalize the concept in order to roughly distinguish different levels of policy change?  Is it feasible to collect the data needed to measure the concept?

17. RES-E Policy Change Presentation at the PhD Workshop „Forging Closer Ties“, Berlin, November 2009, Stefanie Korte Thank you for your attention!