1. Chapter 10 The Media

2. The party press / At first politicians created, sponsored and controlled newspapers to further their interests / Circulation was small because of the slow printing press and expensive advertising costs / For these reasons only the political and commercial elite had access to newspapers / At first politicians created, sponsored and controlled newspapers to further their interests / Circulation was small because of the slow printing press and expensive advertising costs / For these reasons only the political and commercial elite had access to newspapers

3. The popular press / The high speed rotary press enabled a mass number of papers to be produced quickly and inexpensively / The telegraph enabled news to travel quickly from Washington D.C. to major cities / The Associated Press (AP) was created in 1848 allowing telegraphic dissemination of info to newspaper editors on a systematic basis / The high speed rotary press enabled a mass number of papers to be produced quickly and inexpensively / The telegraph enabled news to travel quickly from Washington D.C. to major cities / The Associated Press (AP) was created in 1848 allowing telegraphic dissemination of info to newspaper editors on a systematic basis

4. The popular press II / The Government Printing Office ended it’s subsidies in 1860 / Newspapers were no longer biased and did not need the support from political figures / They could soon support themselves with money gained from buyers and people who advertised in the paper / They attracted their readers with sensationalism / The Government Printing Office ended it’s subsidies in 1860 / Newspapers were no longer biased and did not need the support from political figures / They could soon support themselves with money gained from buyers and people who advertised in the paper / They attracted their readers with sensationalism

5. The popular press III / Yellow Journalism, which exaggerates news in order to attract readers, was developed around the turn of the century

6. Magazines of opinions / The middle class started to favor new progressive periodicals over newspapers / Competitive city newspapers began to decline due to more successful papers / This caused sensationalism to decline / Individual writers started to gain Nat'l following for their investigative reporting / Contrary to the earlier newspapers, today only a fraction of our periodicals focus on politics / The middle class started to favor new progressive periodicals over newspapers / Competitive city newspapers began to decline due to more successful papers / This caused sensationalism to decline / Individual writers started to gain Nat'l following for their investigative reporting / Contrary to the earlier newspapers, today only a fraction of our periodicals focus on politics

7. Electronic Journalism / Radio arrived in the 1920’s and t.v. in the 1940’s / These were ways for politicians to talk directly to their audiences without news editors / The only downfall was that politicians can easily be ignored this way ( turning off the t.v., changing the radio station) / Radio arrived in the 1920’s and t.v. in the 1940’s / These were ways for politicians to talk directly to their audiences without news editors / The only downfall was that politicians can easily be ignored this way ( turning off the t.v., changing the radio station)

8. Electronic Journalism II / The president always had a chance to be on radio / t.v., whereas other politicians had to do something to draw attention to themselves / Talk shows have increased the chances for politicians to get on the radio / t.v. / The three big stations (ABC, CBS and NBC) dominated media coverage until 1990 / The president always had a chance to be on radio / t.v., whereas other politicians had to do something to draw attention to themselves / Talk shows have increased the chances for politicians to get on the radio / t.v. / The three big stations (ABC, CBS and NBC) dominated media coverage until 1990

9. Electronic Journalism III / In 1933 sound bites for the president were 42 seconds long, in 2000 they averaged about 7.3 seconds / However, lengthy time slots are given on talk shows, cable t.v. and on morning shows / Research has not shown whether or not these changes benefit or hurt candidates / In 1933 sound bites for the president were 42 seconds long, in 2000 they averaged about 7.3 seconds / However, lengthy time slots are given on talk shows, cable t.v. and on morning shows / Research has not shown whether or not these changes benefit or hurt candidates

10. The internet / A free market in political news because one can ban, control or regulate it. / Because of the internet voters and political activists can now talk to each other / A free market in political news because one can ban, control or regulate it. / Because of the internet voters and political activists can now talk to each other

11. Degree of competition / Cities like Nyc, Boston, Atlanta,Philly, Washington, LA and Detroit have 2 main central city newspapers but most cities only have one / There are thousands of t.v. channels, radio stations and magazines that are geared toward a certain group of people / Cities like Nyc, Boston, Atlanta,Philly, Washington, LA and Detroit have 2 main central city newspapers but most cities only have one / There are thousands of t.v. channels, radio stations and magazines that are geared toward a certain group of people

12. Degree of competition II / Newspaper circulation has been decreasing since 1967, most people get their news from t.v. sources / Unlike European democracies, t.v. and radio stations are composed mostly of locally owned and managed enterprises / Radio and television stations have limitations placed on them by the FCC / Newspaper circulation has been decreasing since 1967, most people get their news from t.v. sources / Unlike European democracies, t.v. and radio stations are composed mostly of locally owned and managed enterprises / Radio and television stations have limitations placed on them by the FCC

13. The national media / The existence of the Nat'l media offsets local orientation / Even though local newspapers are popular many papers are circulated around the whole country / The AP and United Press International supply most of the Nat'l news / The existence of the Nat'l media offsets local orientation / Even though local newspapers are popular many papers are circulated around the whole country / The AP and United Press International supply most of the Nat'l news

14. The national media II / Magazines such as Time and Newsweek had Nat'l readership / T.v. networks that broadcast news across the country are ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, FOX, etc… / Newspapers with Nat'l readership include the Wallstreet Journal, Christian Science Monitor, and the USA today / Magazines such as Time and Newsweek had Nat'l readership / T.v. networks that broadcast news across the country are ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, FOX, etc… / Newspapers with Nat'l readership include the Wallstreet Journal, Christian Science Monitor, and the USA today

15. The national media III / These national news sources are significant because they are what officials in Washington pay attention to, they do not pay attention to local news / Nat’l Reporters and editors are different than locals in that: they’re better paid, come from more prestigious universities, have more liberal outlooks, write more investigative or interpretive stories / These national news sources are significant because they are what officials in Washington pay attention to, they do not pay attention to local news / Nat’l Reporters and editors are different than locals in that: they’re better paid, come from more prestigious universities, have more liberal outlooks, write more investigative or interpretive stories

16. Roles played by the Nat'l media / Gatekeeper: they decide what becomes news and for how long ex)auto-saftey, pollution, prescription drugs were not issues until the press began to publish about them / Scorekeeper: they keep up with what is going on ex) presidential races, Iowa & NH / Gatekeeper: they decide what becomes news and for how long ex)auto-saftey, pollution, prescription drugs were not issues until the press began to publish about them / Scorekeeper: they keep up with what is going on ex) presidential races, Iowa & NH

17. Roles played by the Nat'l media II / Watchdog: they investigate personalities and expose scandals ex) Watergate, Somalia / This is a way for them to gain respect from their colleagues and earn a lot of money / Watchdog: they investigate personalities and expose scandals ex) Watergate, Somalia / This is a way for them to gain respect from their colleagues and earn a lot of money

18. Rules governing the media / Newspapers Vs electronic media: / The constitution says you cannot place restrictions ahead of time on newspapers (only in very narrow circumstances), however you can punish afterward / Radio and t.v. networks are regulated. Both require licenses to air / Newspapers Vs electronic media: / The constitution says you cannot place restrictions ahead of time on newspapers (only in very narrow circumstances), however you can punish afterward / Radio and t.v. networks are regulated. Both require licenses to air

19. Rules governing the media II / Confidentiality of Sources: / Reporters want the right to keep their sources confidential however many states and the federal government disagree with it / The supreme court allows gov’t to compel reporters to divulge info in court if it applies to a crime / Confidentiality of Sources: / Reporters want the right to keep their sources confidential however many states and the federal government disagree with it / The supreme court allows gov’t to compel reporters to divulge info in court if it applies to a crime

20. FCC licensing / 7 yrs to renew for radio, 5 yrs for t.v. / FCC can regulate the content of what goes on the air / In recent years there has been a relaxation of the rules / 7 yrs to renew for radio, 5 yrs for t.v. / FCC can regulate the content of what goes on the air / In recent years there has been a relaxation of the rules

21. Other t.v. and radio regulations / Equal time rule-if a station sells to one candidate it must sell equal time to the opposing candidate / Right of reply rule- when a candidate is attacked, they can reply on the same station / Equal time rule-if a station sells to one candidate it must sell equal time to the opposing candidate / Right of reply rule- when a candidate is attacked, they can reply on the same station

22. Other t.v. and radio regulations II / Political editorializing rule- if a broadcaster endorses a candidate then the opposing has the right to reply / Fairness doctrine- broadcasters must give both views of controversial issues. FCC abolished this saying it inhibited free discussion of issues, however many voluntarily follow it / Political editorializing rule- if a broadcaster endorses a candidate then the opposing has the right to reply / Fairness doctrine- broadcasters must give both views of controversial issues. FCC abolished this saying it inhibited free discussion of issues, however many voluntarily follow it

23. Campaigning Debates formally had to have all candidates present, or else they were covered as a news event Rates for campaigning can be no higher than the least expensive commercial rate ( for comparable time) T.v. campaigning is most beneficial for presidential candidates Debates formally had to have all candidates present, or else they were covered as a news event Rates for campaigning can be no higher than the least expensive commercial rate ( for comparable time) T.v. campaigning is most beneficial for presidential candidates

24. Media influences politics / Newspapers usually endorse Republicans locally and Democrats nationally / Conventions scheduled accordingly to be televised / Certain issues are benefited (ex- environmental & consumer) when a candidate is in the spot light because of press attention / Newspapers usually endorse Republicans locally and Democrats nationally / Conventions scheduled accordingly to be televised / Certain issues are benefited (ex- environmental & consumer) when a candidate is in the spot light because of press attention

25. Media and the political agenda / Many people wouldn’t be concerned with issues if they weren’t in the media / The media has control over what people become concerned about, but not how they react to it / Many people wouldn’t be concerned with issues if they weren’t in the media / The media has control over what people become concerned about, but not how they react to it

26. Coverage of Congress / Never equal to the coverage of the president, making congress resentful / No camera’s in the house ( except for ceremonial events) until 1978 / CSPAN has had non stopped coverage of congress since 1979 / Because camera’s are constantly around senators it’s an incubator for presidential contenders / Never equal to the coverage of the president, making congress resentful / No camera’s in the house ( except for ceremonial events) until 1978 / CSPAN has had non stopped coverage of congress since 1979 / Because camera’s are constantly around senators it’s an incubator for presidential contenders

27. Public view on the media / Most people believe the media, especially what they see on t.v. / The percentage of people that believe the media is biased is increasing / The press itself believes it is unbiased / Most people believe the media, especially what they see on t.v. / The percentage of people that believe the media is biased is increasing / The press itself believes it is unbiased

28. News stories / Stories are influenced by four factors: deadlines, audience attraction, fairness and truth norms, and the beliefs of the reporter/editor / There are three types of stories: / Stories are influenced by four factors: deadlines, audience attraction, fairness and truth norms, and the beliefs of the reporter/editor / There are three types of stories:

29. News stories cont’d / 1. Routine stories: public events regularly covered (ex. The pres take a trip/ a Bill is passed) / 2. Selected/ Featured stories: events not routinely covered that the reporter chooses to write about / 3. Insider stories: not usually made public; when an insider tells a reporter / 1. Routine stories: public events regularly covered (ex. The pres take a trip/ a Bill is passed) / 2. Selected/ Featured stories: events not routinely covered that the reporter chooses to write about / 3. Insider stories: not usually made public; when an insider tells a reporter

30. News leaks / Contrary to many other democracies, printing government secrets is not illegal / Many leaks occur because of the competition between governmental branches. Each branch competes with one another by leaking information about projects and such to make themselves look better / Contrary to many other democracies, printing government secrets is not illegal / Many leaks occur because of the competition between governmental branches. Each branch competes with one another by leaking information about projects and such to make themselves look better

31. Since Watergate… / The press and the gov’t greatly distrust each other / The media is always eager to search to find the “real story“ behind everything / The press and the gov’t greatly distrust each other / The media is always eager to search to find the “real story“ behind everything

32. Sensationalism in the media / Before 1980 sex escapades of political figures were not reported / Since 1980, sex and politics have been widely covered / These stories grab the attention of readers / Before 1980 sex escapades of political figures were not reported / Since 1980, sex and politics have been widely covered / These stories grab the attention of readers

33. Impact of September 11 / Public interest grew in national news / There became a greater trust and confidence in news organizations / Public interest grew in national news / There became a greater trust and confidence in news organizations

34. Government and journalists / Abundance of congressional staffers makes it easy for reporters to get information for their stories / Local reporters are less adverse towards Washington officials than Nat'l reporters / Reporters who bash the president are frowned upon however those who write good about the president are benefited with news leaks and tips for stories / Abundance of congressional staffers makes it easy for reporters to get information for their stories / Local reporters are less adverse towards Washington officials than Nat'l reporters / Reporters who bash the president are frowned upon however those who write good about the president are benefited with news leaks and tips for stories