1. 1 Environment Engineering I Dr. Amal Hudhud Dr. Abdel Fattah Hasan AnNajah National University Civil Engineering Department Solid Waste Management Chapter Twelve- section 1

2. perspective Solid waste describe things we through away According to USA EPA Solid Waste : include any discarded item thing destined for reuse, recycle or reclamation, sludge, hazardous waste exclude radioactive waste This chapter concern with Solid Waste generated from residential and commercial sources

3. Magnitude of the problem Increase in population create more problems USA SW per capita increased from 1.2 kg in 1960 to 2.13 kg in 2005. The amount of SW collected from residential areas depend on: –Climate –Time of the year –Education –Location –Collection and disposal practices

5. Characteristic of solid waste The term Refuse or Solid Waste is classified according to : –Point of origin (domestic, agriculture, industrial –Natural of material (organic, inorganic, putrescible …. The classification of SW is used for choosing the treatment, collection, recycling and disposal options Putrescible : animal and vegetable waste resulting from handling, cooking, preparing, and serving of food

6. Characteristic of solid waste

11. Solid waste collection Who make the collection? –City employees –Private firms (contract with city government- private residents) Frequency of collection –Amount of waste –Climate –Cost –Public request

12. Solid waste collection For collection of solid waste contains putrescible waste the max period should not be greater than: –Normal time for the accumulation of the amount that can be placed on the containers of reasonable size –Amount fresh putrescible take to decay and emit foul odor –The length of the fly breeding cycle (less than 7 days in hot summer

13. Solid waste collection Major consideration when actual methods of collection sre determined: –How SW will be collected –How crew will be managed –How the truck will be routed

14. Waste as resource

15. Background and perspective The prevention of waste generation (resources conservation) and the productive use of waste material (resources recovery) represent means of alleviating some of the problem of SWM Processable MSW could provide with high percentage of our need from glass and paper

16. Background and perspective

17. recycling 1- introduction Closed loop or primary recycling: is the use of recycled product to make the same or similar product (use glass bottles to make other type of class bottles) Secondary recycling: used recycled material to make new product with different characteristic than the origin (milk jugs made of HDPE can be recycled into types of drainage pipe) Tertiary recycling: recovery of chemical or energy from post consumer waste material (many electronic company recover solvent use in manufacturing process and distill them for reuse)

18. recycling 2- Method of collecting recyclable Materials –curbside collections ( one bins or number of bins) –Drop off centers To evaluate and select the most appropriate drop- off systems –Location –Material handeled –Population –Number f centre –Operation –Public information

19. recycling 3- recycling of materials

21. recycling 4- improving the Market for recyclables: factors effect market and price –Economic condition –Overall demand –Transportation cost –Quality of recovered material –Export market

22. composting Compost : decomposition of organic materials such as leaves, grass and food by microorganism) crumbly, earthy smell, soil like material). Material to be composted should contain both Nitrogen and carbon sources ( N:C, 1:30 to achieve optimum microorganism growth ) The composting process involves four main components : organic matter, moisture, oxygen, and bacteria

23. Source reduction – prevent formation of waste. –Design manufacture, purchase and use material in way that minimize the amount of toxicity of the waste we generate. –Reduce waste – reduce cost of recycling, landfill, composting –Conserve natural resources, reduce pollution

24. Waste reduction and Process Modification: Redesigning of product and packing to reduce the quantity of materials generated (reduction of mass) Nontoxic material can be substituted for other toxic ones Using Email

25. Reuse of product Reusing when possible:- examples –Using durable coffee mugs rather than disposal cups –Reusing boxes for other purposes –Purchase refillable pens –etc

26. Education and legislation Should education of people about benefits of recycling and reusing products and minimizing the waste or enforcing by legislation

27. combustion To reduce waste volume, local governments or private operators can implement a controlled burning process called combustion or incineration Burning waste at extremely high temperatures also destroys chemical compounds and disease-causing bacteria.