1. Research, Organization, and Visual Aids…Oh, my!!!
What you need to know to write a speech 

2. Gathering Materials
Print: A source that is or was originally a printed source (ie. Book, magazine, journal, etc). It can be accessed either in real life or electronically.
Electronic: A source that has never been a printed source and is accessed via the internet. (ie. Websites)

3. Print Sources Books Magazines and Journals Newspapers
Government Documents
Reference Works: Dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, yearbooks, books of quotations
Television/Radio Transcripts
Interviews

4. Finding Sources
Readers Guide to Periodical Literature: Books used to locate articles on specific topics.
Online Databases: Infohio
Search Engines

5. Website Credibility Check Domain (.com, .edu, .org, .net., biz, etc.)
Date of publication
Author
Citation of sources with the website
Corroboration of information with other websites

6. Documentation
APA Documentation
Go to

7. Organization
Introduction, body, and conclusion format.

8. Organization: The Introduction…Tell ‘em what you’re gonna tell ‘em.
Attention Getter
Thesis
Preview of main points
Transition to first main point

9. Organization: The Body… Tell ‘em
Topic Sentence that includes the main point.
Discussion of the main point.
Supporting materials to support the main point

10. Organization: The conclusion…Tell ‘em what you told ‘em
Reiterate the main points.
Reconnect with the Attention Getter.

11. Organizational Patterns: Informative Speaking
Topical: Organizes the speech by topic and subtopics.
Chronological: Organizes the speech in regards to a time sequence.
Spatial: Organizes the speech according to geographical or physical structure.

12. Organizational Patterns: Informative Speaking
Causal: Organizes the speech by cause and effect.
Pro-Con: Organizes the speech by Presenting both sides of the issue. This is a balanced approach to a controversial topic which would still be considered informative.

13. Organizational Patterns: Informative Speaking
Mnemonic or Gimmick: Organizes the speech according to a special memory device, alliteration, rhyme, or initial letters that spell a word.

14. Organizational Patterns: Informative Speaking
Mnemonic example: Improving Listening
L- look at the other person
A- ask questions
D- don’t interrupt
D- don’t change the subject
E- express emotions with control
R- responsively listen

15. The Attention Getter To gain the audience’s attention Anecdote Quote
Statistic
Shocking fact
Rhetorical question

16. Types of Supporting Materials
Examples: a specific illustration of people, places, objects, actions, experiences, or conditions.
Brief examples
Extended examples
Actual examples
Hypothetical examples

17. Types of Supporting Materials
Definitions: explanation of a word, phrase, or concept.
Definition by synonym
Definition by etymology
Definition by example
Definition by operation

18. Types of Supporting Materials
Narration: storytelling
Personal narrative
Third-person narrative
Anecdote

19. Types of Supporting Materials
Comparison: Association of two items by examining the similarities
Literal comparison
Figurative comparison

20. Types of Supporting Materials
Contrast: Association of two items by examining the differences.
Literal contrast
Figurative contrast

21. Types of Supporting Materials
Statistics: data collected in the form of numbers
Do not rely only on statistics
Round off statistics
Use units of measure that the audience understands
Use Presentational aids to represent or clarify relationships among statistics
Stress the impact of large numbers

22. Types of Supporting Materials
Expert Testimony: Quotations or paraphrases of an authoritative source to clarify or prove a point.

23. Types of Supporting Materials
Opinion: Unproven ideas that are formed based on past experiences or experiments
Expert opinion: Opinions given by professionals in the area of study being dicussed.

24. Visual Aids Visual Aid: A visual representation of a concept
5 Classifications
Objects
Graphics
Film & Video
Handouts

25. Objects A specific item
A scaled representation of a larger object (model)
People or animals

26. Graphics
Graphic: two-dimensional visual aid, including pictures, diagrams, graphs, charts, and maps.

27. Types of Graphs
Line Graph: good at depicting trends over time.

28. Types of Graphs
Bar Graph: diagram used to show quantitative comparisons among variables.

29. Types of Graphs
Pie Charts: used to show the relative proportions of a whole.

30. Maps
A graphic representation of real or imaginary geographic location.

31. Do’s and Don’ts of VA’s
Do make it big enough for the entire room to see.
Don’t make it so big it is too difficult to use
Do make it neat and easy to see/read
Don’t use letters or pictures that are too small

32. Do’s and Don’ts of VA’s Do refer to the VA while giving the speech.
Don’t face the VA when referring to it.