1. Graduates’ qualifications and quality of jobs: the case of Poland Gabriela Grotkowska Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw

2. Motivation for research  „Job quality problem”: – Low-pay employment  „working poor” – Non-standard employment behind growth of employment in many OECD countries  Growing differences in employment conditions between new-entrants to the labour market and elder workers  What factors determine these differences? What is the role of educational factors?  Access to unique data set University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009

3. Labour market success as a measure of education quality  Labour market success as a criterion of a quality of the education system  How to measure labour market success? – Labour market participation – Employment  Problem with ILO definition of employment  quality of employment University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009

4. Characteristics of the youths’ employment  Still persons aged 15-29 constitute almost ¼ of total employment University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009

5. Youth’s job quality: employment status and type of contract University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009

6. Youth’s job quality: NACE sections and work conditions  Young people significantly: – more often than on average work in trade and repairs, hotels and restaurants, construction, perosnal services – more often than average work on part-time basis, on shifts, on evenings and weekends – more rarely work in overtime – total time of work of the young people is simmilar to overall average University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009

7. Youth’s job quality: wages University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009

8. Syntetic job quality index (1) University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009 VariableDescription Wage: net per hour wage (wph) 0 – wph under 10th percentile 1 – wph between 10th and 25th percentile 3 – wph between 25th and 50th percentile 5 – wph between 50th and 75th percentile 7 – wph between 75th and 90th percentile 9 – wph higher than the 90th percentile Status0 – contributing family worker 1 – employment without formal contract 2 – employment based on civil contract 3 – own-account worker 4 – employment during traineeship period 5 – hired employment with a contract shorter than 1 year 6 – hired employment with a contract longer than 1 year 8 – hired employment with an undefined time contract Promotion0 – no promotion prospects 2 – there are promotion prospects (employee’s opinion)

9. Syntetic job quality index (2) University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009 VariableDescription Shift0 – shift work 1 – no shift work Night0 – work at night (often or sometimes) 1 – no work at night Weekend0 – work on weekends (often or sometimes) 1 – no work on weekends Commuting0 – workers commutes 120 minutes a day or more 1 – workers commutes 60 - 120 minutes a day 2 – workers commutes 30 - 60 minutes a day 3 – workers commutes less than 30 minutes a day Section0 – employment in trade and repairs, hotels and restaurants, construction or other social and personal services 3 – other sections Relation0 – work is not related to education profile 1– work is related to education profile

10. Syntetic job quality index (3) University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009

11. Explaining differences in the level of job quality  Gender  Region and class of settlement unit  Year of graduation  Level and field of education, additional skills (ability to speak foreign language, use computer, having a driving license etc.),  Management skills or ability to work in international environment,  Characteristics of the process of education: – type of school and mode of education, – average grade, – participation in school-based traineeship programme, – participation in extra courses,  Participation in training after graduation from school,  Work experience,  Contacts in work environment),  Average level of parents’ education. University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009

12. Regression results  Positive impact on job quality: – being man (+0.79) – living in big cities (+0.30/0.53), living in some regions – longer time from graduation (+0.4/0.8) – growing education level (not strictly monotonic; +3.7) – surprising results concerning fields of education – computer skills (+0.37) and driving licence (+0.32) – growing average grade (+0.26) – participation in non compulsory additional courses (+0.30) and activities concerning professional career management (+0.46) during school education – participation in training after having graduated from school (+0.46) – growing average parents’ education level (+0.17) – work experience (+0.43) – contacts within professional environment (+0.76) University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009

13. Regression results  Insignificant: – speaking a foreign language – participation in school based traineeship programmes, – ownership of school and mode of education – international experience and ability for work in international environment  Negative impact: – possessing a second profession, – adaptability do changing conditions and – managerial skills. University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009

14. Conclusions  Significant differences in job quality of different age cohorts of the labour force: lower job quality of the youth  Significant role of selected education factors in determining job quality  Question: how permanent this effect is? Dual labour market?  area for further studies (panel data) University of Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009

15. Thank you for your attention.