1. An Introduction to the World’s Oceans Chap. Two - 8th Ed.
The Water Planet
An Introduction to the World’s Oceans
Chap. Two - 8th Ed.

2. Chapter Two Highlights
Origin of our universe & solar system
GeologicTime
Shape & orientation of the Earth relative to the Sun
Mapping and location systems
Navigation
The Water Cycle

3. Beginnings Origin of the universe Origin of our solar system
Big Bang model
Stars, galaxies, and clusters
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe - 380,000 years post BB
Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
Origin of our solar system
Collapse of a rotating interstellar cloud
Accretion to form planets

4. Earth Origins Big Bang !!!! 13 bya extremely hot
subsequent formation of ~100 million galaxies with ~ million stars each
Milky Way is our spiral galaxy ( galaktos = milk )

5. A spiral galaxy structurally similar to the Milky Way Galaxy
A spiral galaxy structurally similar to the Milky Way Galaxy. 56,000 light years in diameter and 62 million years away.

6. Earth Origins Planetary Accretion Theory 5 bya
solar nebula (swirling dust cloud) from a supernova
~75% H, 23% He, 2% other stuff
most material drawn to center to form protosun
rest accretes to form planets

7. 1 light year ~ 9.5 X 1012 kms.

9. Origin of the Solar System and Earth
Cloud of gas and space dust (nebula) began to contract about 4.53 billion years ago.
The Nebular Hypothesis

10. Conceptualization of planetary accretion.

11. Hubble Space Telescope image of solar nebula similar in size to ours
Hubble Space Telescope image of solar nebula similar in size to ours. Obscuring dust cloud across center.

12. First image of a “possible” planet outside of our solar system.

14. Water in the S0lar System
Extraterrestrial oceans
Liquid oceans on Jupiter’s moons, Europa and Callisto
Early planet Earth
Separation of dense and lighter compounds through repeated melting and solidifying  layered system, ocean, and atmosphere
No free oxygen until photosynthetic organisms evolved

15. Mars shows erosional and depositional features that suggest the presence of running water in the past.

17. Origin of the Oceans Age of Earth: approximately 4 billion years
Water from interior of Earth
Mantle
Gas that escape volcanoes is 70% water vapor
4 billion years at current rate  100 times the volume of the oceans
Water from outer space
10 million comets enter the atmosphere each year
Layer of water mm deep added each year
4 billion years at current rate  2 to 3 times the volume of the oceans

18. Outgassing

19. Box Fig. 1, pg. 30

20. Box Fig. 2, pg. 31

21. Comets

23. Age and Time Age of Earth Geologic time Natural time periods
History of estimates
Bible 10/23/4004 B.C. , cooling time, rate of addition of salt in oceans by rivers, radiometric dating
Radiometric dating  billion years
Geologic time
Eons, eras, periods, epochs
Important events
Natural time periods
Time required for Earth to complete one orbit around the Sun
Length of day and seasons
Lunar month
Solar day
Sidereal day

25. A Timeline Of Earth’s History

26. Table 2.2 bottom

27. Table 2.2 top

28. Fig. 2.6

29. Shape of Earth Gravity Earth is nearly spherical Spin
Earth bulges at equator
Distribution of continents
Slightly pear shaped
Topographic relief
Minor compared to planet’s size

30. Fig. 2.7

31. Location Systems Latitude and longitude Chart projections
Latitudes (or parallels) are parallel to the equator
Longitudes (or meridians) are formed at right angles to the latitude lines
Prime meridian and international date line
Great Circle
Nautical mile (1 minute of arc at the equator)
Chart projections
Distorted images of Earth’s curved surface
Projection types: cylindric, conic, and tangent

32. Fig. 2.8

33. Fig. 2.9

34. Fig. 2.10

35. Fig. 2.11

36. Fig. 2.12

37. Fig. 2.13

38. Fig. 2.14

39. Fig. 2.15

40. Location Systems Measuring latitude North Star, Polaris
Longitude and time
Use of clocks to record the time the Sun is at its zenith
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Universal Time

41. Fig. 2.16

42. Fig. 2.17

43. Modern Navigational Techniques
Radar (radio detecting and ranging)
Loran (long-range navigation)
Satellite navigation system
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Shipboard computers
Electronic atlas
Surface charts
Bathymetry
Continuous tracking of ship’s position

44. Fig. 2.18a

45. Fig. 2.18b

46. Earth: The Water Planet
Water on Earth’s surface
Effect of seasons
Effects length of day
71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water, while 29% of the surface area is land
Hydrologic cycle
Evaporation, transpiration, and sublimation
Precipitation, rain, and snow

47. Fig. 2.19

48. Earth: The Water Planet
Reservoirs and residence time
Large reservoirs  long residence time
Small reservoirs  short residence time
Distribution of land and water
Northern Hemisphere (land)
Southern Hemisphere (water)
Oceans
Hypsographic curve

49. Fig. 2.20

50. Table 2.3

51. Geography of the oceans
Earth’s oceans:
Cover 70.8% of Earth’s surface
Are interconnected (“world ocean”)
Have huge size and volume (as a reservoir, contain 97% of Earth’s water)

52. Fig. 2.21

53. Fig. 2.22

54. The four principal oceans
Fig. 2.23

55. Fig. 2.24

56. The End