1. Epics Unit 5: Folk Literature Lecture Notes Outline
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Literary Analysis
Unit 5: Folk Literature
Epics
Level IV
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2. A people’s literature is the great textbook for real knowledge of them
A people’s literature is the great textbook for real knowledge of them. The writings of the day show the quality of the people as no historical reconstruction can.
—Edith Hamilton
Lecture Notes Outline
A people’s literature is the great textbook for real knowledge of them. The writings of the day show the quality of the people as no historical reconstruction can. —Edith Hamilton
Navigation Note
In all Unit 5 Literary Analysis presentations, slides 3–14 introduce the genre of folk literature. If you choose to skip the genre introduction, use the “<skip intro>” button below the quotation. This button will advance the presentation to the introduction of the specific literary element on slide 15.
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3. What is folk literature?
Folk literature refers to a body of cultural knowledge and beliefs passed from one generation to the next, both orally and in writing.
Lecture Notes Outline
What is folk literature? Folk literature refers to a body of cultural knowledge and beliefs passed from one generation to the next, both orally and in writing.
Extension Options
Share with students that folk literature is also known as traditional literature or folklore. 3

4. What are your favorite types of folk literature?
Myths
Fairy tales
Epics
Fables
Folk tales
Folk songs/spirituals
Legends
Tall tales
Lecture Notes Outline
What are your favorite types of folk literature?
• Myths
• Fairy tales
• Epics
• Fables
• Folk tales
• Folk songs/spirituals
• Legends
• Tall tales
Extension Options
• Discuss with students their experiences with folk literature, their favorite stories or songs and why they like them, and the hallmarks of memorable folk literature.
• Tell students that the Children’s Folklore Section of the American Folklore Society awards annual Aesop Prizes and Aesop Accolades to outstanding English-language folklore books. These books may be either children’s books or young adult books and may be fiction or nonfiction. Past winners include such notable authors as Tomie de Paola, Mary Casanova, Elie Wiesel, Joseph Bruchac, Aaron Shepard, and Paul Goble. For a complete list of past winners and finalists, go to 4

5. What memorable characters do you associate with folk literature?
What makes these characters memorable?
Lecture Notes Outline
What memorable characters do you associate with folk literature? What makes these characters memorable?
Navigation Note
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6. What are the purposes of folk literature?
Folk literature can
entertain readers
enlighten readers by sharing the human condition or experience
provide readers with an escape from reality
help readers learn about themselves and others
teach readers lessons in morality
allow readers to explore diverse cultures
Lecture Notes Outline
What are the purposes of folk literature? Folk literature can entertain readers; enlighten readers by sharing the human condition or experience; provide readers with an escape from reality; help readers learn about themselves and others; teach readers lessons in morality; and allow readers to explore diverse cultures. 6

7. Characteristics of Folk Literature
Like fiction, folk literature has the elements of characters, plot, setting, and conflict.
Folk stories also have their own distinct characteristics, including
stereotypical characters (such as good/evil)
plots that focus on an initial problem, a quest to solve the problem, and the tasks and obstacles involved in the journey
settings in olden times and faraway places
supernatural and repetitious elements
Lecture Notes Outline
Like fiction, folk literature has the elements of characters, plot, setting, and conflict. Folk stories also have their own distinct characteristics, including
• stereotypical characters (such as good/evil)
• plots that focus on an initial problem, a quest to solve the problem, and the tasks and obstacles involved in the journey
• settings in olden times and faraway places
• supernatural and repetitious elements 7

8. Early Folk Literature
Every early culture around the world created its own folk literature.
Learning about these tales and songs can provide insight into the cultures that produced them.
Lecture Notes Outline
Every early culture around the world created its own folk literature. Learning about these tales and songs can provide insight into the cultures that produced them. 8

9. Early Folk Literature
Much of the world’s early folk literature originated as part of the oral tradition.
The oral tradition is the passing of a work, an idea, or a custom by word of mouth from generation to generation.
Early stories were composed as poems, songs, or prose tales.
Lecture Notes Outline
Much of the world’s early folk literature originated as part of the oral tradition. The oral tradition is the passing of a work, an idea, or a custom by word of mouth from generation to generation. Early stories were composed as poems, songs, or prose tales. 9

10. Early Folk Literature
Some early folk literature stories helped ancient inhabitants of Earth understand the unknown world around them.
Other tales told of gods, goddesses, and heroes in their cultures.
Still other stories related human experiences, ideas, and emotions to serve as moral lessons.
Lecture Notes Outline
Some early folk literature stories helped ancient inhabitants of Earth understand the unknown world around them. Other tales told of gods, goddesses, and heroes in their cultures. Still other stories related human experiences, ideas, and emotions to serve as moral lessons. 10

11. Influences of Folk Literature
As centuries passed, these early stories became the inspiration for many writers.
These writers borrowed the characters, events, and ideas for their own works.
William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet refers to several ancient myths.
W. B. Yeats’s ballad “Song of Wandering Aengus” draws on the legends of Aengus, the Celtic god of love.
Lecture Notes Outline
As centuries passed, these early stories became the inspiration for many writers. These writers borrowed the characters, events, and ideas for their own works. William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet refers to several ancient myths. W. B. Yeats’s ballad “Song of Wandering Aengus” draws on the legends of Aengus, the Celtic god of love. 11

12. Influences of Folk Literature
The characters and events in early folk literature have also inspired artists.
Many painters have drawn their subjects from mythology.
For example, the fall of Icarus, a character in Greek mythology, is the subject of famous paintings by
Pieter Brueghel
Pablo Picasso
Marc Chagall
Lecture Notes Outline
The characters and events in early folk literature have also inspired artists. Many painters have drawn their subjects from mythology. For example, the fall of Icarus, a character in Greek mythology, is the subject of famous paintings by Pieter Brueghel, Pablo Picasso, and Marc Chagall.
Extension Options
Ask students to skim the Folk Literature unit to find other examples of paintings inspired by mythology. Have them discuss the reasons why artists base their works on traditional literature. 12

13. Influences of Folk Literature
The influences of folk literature can also be seen in music, drama, and films.
What familiar songs, plays, or movies include characters or events from fairy tales, folk tales, legends, or myths?
Lecture Notes Outline
The influences of folk literature can also be seen in music, drama, and films. What familiar songs, plays, or movies include characters or events from fairy tales, folk tales, legends, or myths? 13

14. Resurgence of Folk Literature
In the past two centuries, there has been a renewed interest in folk literature.
Storytelling spans all cultures, values, and ways of life, and has therefore gained worldwide attention.
Lecture Notes Outline
In the past two centuries, there has been a renewed interest in folk literature. Storytelling spans all cultures, values, and ways of life, and has therefore gained worldwide attention. 14

15. Epics
Epics are a very old form of folk literature, dating back more than 2,000 years.
These ancient stories have remained popular for their ability to entertain readers.
Epics often contain
larger-than-life characters
exotic settings
suspenseful plots
Lecture Notes Outline
Epics are a very old form of folk literature, dating back more than 2,000 years. These ancient stories have remained popular for their ability to entertain readers. Epics often contain larger-than-life characters, exotic settings, and suspenseful plots.

16. —Lascelles Abercrombie
There is only one thing which can master…epic material into unity; and that is, an ability to see in particular human experience some significant symbolism of man’s general destiny.
—Lascelles Abercrombie
How do the choices and actions of epic heroes reflect the struggles of humankind?
Lecture Notes Outline
There is only one thing which can master…epic material into unity; and that is, an ability to see in particular human experience some significant symbolism of man’s general destiny. —Lascelles Abercrombie
How do the choices and actions of epic heroes reflect the struggles of humankind?
Navigation Note
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17. Epics
Epics are long stories that involve gods and heroes and that are often told in verse.
Grand in length and scope, epics are portraits of cultures that provide clues about societies’
legends
beliefs/values
laws
arts
ways of life
Lecture Notes Outline
Epics are long stories that involve gods and heroes and that are often told in verse. Grand in length and scope, epics are portraits of cultures that provide clues about societies’ legends, beliefs/values, laws, arts, and ways of life.

18. Epics and Bards
Epics began in the oral tradition, long before there were written historical accounts.
The people of ancient Greece often turned to the wandering poets, known as bards, to hear tales of the past.
Lecture Notes Outline
Epics began in the oral tradition, long before there were written historical accounts. The people of ancient Greece often turned to the wandering poets, known as bards, to hear tales of the past.

19. Storytelling of Bards
The bards of ancient Greece were masterful storytellers.
They would sing or recite long narrative poems about the gods, goddesses, and heroes of days gone by.
They would often accompany their tales by playing lyres— small, stringed instruments resembling handheld harps.
Lecture Notes Outline
These bards were masterful storytellers. They would sing or recite long narrative poems about the gods, goddesses, and heroes of days gone by. They would often accompany their tales by playing lyres—small, stringed instruments resembling handheld harps.

20. Storytelling of Bards
The bard often improvised the tale, but typically
started with an invocation, or a plea to the Muse (goddess of poetry) for divine inspiration
began the tale in medias res, or “in the middle of things,” with the epic hero well into the journey
used flashbacks to fill in prior incidents
had the epic hero reach a point of defeat but continue on the quest
ended the tale by revealing the epic hero’s fate
Lecture Notes Outline
The bard often improvised the tale, but typically
• started with an invocation, or a plea to the Muse (goddess of poetry) for divine inspiration
• began the tale in medias res, or “in the middle of things,” with the epic hero well into the journey
• used flashbacks to fill in prior incidents
• had the epic hero reach a point of defeat but continue on the quest
• ended the tale by revealing the epic hero’s fate

21. Epithets and Epic Similes
In telling the tale, the bard used many “word formulas,” such as epithets and epic similes.
These phrases helped the bard to memorize the tale.
Lecture Notes Outline
In telling the tale, the bard used many “word formulas,” such as epithets and epic similes. These phrase helped the bard to memorize the tale.

22. Epithets
Epithets are brief descriptive phrases that emphasize an important characteristic of a person or thing.
In The Odyssey, Homer repeatedly refers to “versatile Odysseus,” “divine Calypso,” and “rosy-fingered dawn.”
Lecture Notes Outline
Epithets are brief descriptive phrases that emphasize an important characteristic of a person or thing. In The Odyssey, Homer repeatedly refers to “versatile Odysseus,” “divine Calypso,” and “rosy-fingered dawn.”

23. Epic Similes
Epic similes are extended comparisons that go on for several lines.
Epic similes are also known as Homeric similes.
Like epithets, epic similes were memorized and repeated by the bards each time they told the story.
Lecture Notes Outline
Epic similes are extended comparisons that go on for several lines. Epic similes are also known as Homeric similes. Like epithets, epic similes were memorized and repeated by the bards each time they told the story.

24. Example of an Epic Simile
The epic simile below compares the turning of Odysseus’s hot spike in the Cyclops’ eye to the turning of a shipwright’s drill in planking.
I drew it from the coals and my four fellows
gave me a hand, lugging it near the Cyclops
as more than natural force nerved them; straight
forward they sprinted, lifted it, and rammed it
deep in his crater eye, and I leaned on it
turning it as a shipwright turns a drill
in planking, having men below to swing
the two-handled strap that spins it in the groove.
—from The Odyssey,
by Homer
Lecture Notes Outline
The epic simile below compares the turning of Odysseus’s hot spike in the Cyclops’s eye to the turning of a shipwright’s drill in planking.
I drew it from the coals and my four fellows
gave me a hand, lugging it near the Cyclops
as more than natural force nerved them; straight
forward they sprinted, lifted it, and rammed it
deep in his crater eye, and I leaned on it
turning it as a shipwright turns a drill
in planking, having men below to swing
the two-handled strap that spins it in the groove.
—from The Odyssey, by Homer

25. Bards and Their Audience
As the ancient Greeks listened to the tales of the bards, they were filled with awe and fear.
They strongly believed that the gods and goddesses in these stories exerted a powerful influence in their own lives—for better or for worse.
Lecture Notes Outline
As the ancient Greeks listened to the tales of the bards, they were filled with awe and fear. They strongly believed that the gods and goddesses in these stories exerted a powerful influence in their own lives—for better or for worse.

26. The Ancient Bard, Homer
According to legend, the greatest of the ancient bards was Homer.
Homer produced two famous works: The Iliad and The Odyssey.
These are considered the most important epics in the Western tradition of folk literature.
Lecture Notes Outline
According to legend, the greatest of the ancient bards was Homer. Homer produced two famous works: The Iliad and The Odyssey. These are considered the most important epics in the Western tradition of folk literature.

27. Homer’s Epics
The Iliad and The Odyssey provide us with insight into the world of the ancient Greeks.
These exciting stories are told in memorable, poetic language.
Their plots raise questions about humankind’s relationship with the world.
Lecture Notes Outline
The Iliad and The Odyssey provide us with insight into the world of the ancient Greeks. These exciting stories are told in memorable, poetic language. Their plots raise questions about humankind’s relationship with the world.

28. The Iliad
The Iliad tells the story of the Trojan War, a battle fought in around 1200 BCE by the Greeks and the Trojans.
The Trojans were inhabitants of Troy, which is now part of Turkey.
For ten years, the Greeks attempted to conquer Troy but could not penetrate the city walls.
Finally, one of the soldiers—Odysseus—devises a plan to defeat the Trojans.
Lecture Notes Outline
The Iliad tells the story of the Trojan War, a battle fought in around 1200 BCE by the Greeks and the Trojans. The Trojans were inhabitants of Troy, which is now part of Turkey. For ten years, the Greeks attempted to conquer Troy but could not penetrate the city walls. Finally, one of the soldiers—Odysseus—devises a plan to defeat the Trojans.

29. The Iliad
Odysseus and his companions erect a Trojan horse and place it outside the city walls.
Believing the horse is a gift from the Greeks, the Trojans bring the horse into the city.
The Greek soldiers hidden inside the horse unlock the gates of Troy.
The soldiers then let in their comrades, who eventually defeat the Trojans.
Lecture Notes Outline
Odysseus and his companions erect a Trojan horse and place it outside the city walls. Believing the horse is a gift from the Greeks, the Trojans bring the horse into the city. The Greek soldiers hidden inside the horse unlock the gates of Troy. The soldiers then let in their comrades, who eventually defeat the Trojans.

30. The Odyssey
Homer’s other epic, The Odyssey, picks up where The Iliad leaves off.
This story describes the ten-year voyage of Odysseus and his men from Troy back to Ithaca.
In this epic, the characters confront vicious monsters and deadly temptations as they make their journey.
Lecture Notes Outline
Homer’s other epic—The Odyssey—narrates the ten-year voyage of Odysseus and his companions as they make their way from Troy back to Ithaca. In this epic, Odysseus and his men confront vicious monsters and deadly temptations on their journey.

31. The Odyssey
This excerpt from Book 1 of The Odyssey offers a brief outline of the story to come.
Sing to me, Muse, and through me tell the story
of that man skilled in all ways of contending,
the wanderer, harried for years on end,
after he plundered the stronghold
on the proud height of Troy.
He saw the townlands
and learned the minds of many distant men,
and weathered many bitter nights and days
in his deep heart at sea, while he fought only
to save his life, to bring his shipmates home.
—from The Odyssey,
by Homer
Lecture Notes Outline
This excerpt from Book 1 of The Odyssey offers a brief outline of the story to come.
Sing to me, Muse, and through me tell the story
of that man skilled in all ways of contending,
the wanderer, harried for years on end,
after he plundered the stronghold
on the proud height of Troy.
He saw the townlands
and learned the minds of many distant men,
and weathered many bitter nights and days
in his deep heart at sea, while he fought only
to save his life, to bring his shipmates home.
—from The Odyssey, by Homer

32. Other Notable Epics
Besides the epics of Greece, other notable epics have originated in ancient cultures.
Gilgamesh originated in Mesopotamia.
Gilgamesh is the oldest epic poem, and its hero is considered the first superhero in literature.
Lecture Notes Outline
Besides the epics of Greece, other notable epic tales have originated in ancient cultures. Gilgamesh originated in Mesopotamia. Gilgamesh is the oldest epic poem, and its hero is considered the first superhero in literature.

33. Other Notable Epics Mahabharata and Ramayana originated in India.
Mahabharata is the longest epic poem—seven times the length of both The Iliad and The Odyssey.
Aeneid originated in the Roman Empire.
El Cid originated in Spain.
Lecture Notes Outline
Mahabharata and Ramayana originated in India. Mahabharata is the longest epic poem—seven times the length of both The Iliad and The Odyssey. Aeneid originated in the Roman Empire. El Cid originated in Spain.

34. Characteristics of Epics
Epics share certain characteristics, including
larger-than-life heroes, or characters with superhuman strength and courage
diverse, exotic settings
plots that focus on the hero’s difficult journey or quest to achieve a goal
conflicts involving struggles with gods or monsters that test the hero’s strength and wit
themes that impart wisdom or morality to humankind
Lecture Notes Outline
Epics share certain characteristics, including:
• larger-than-life heroes, or characters with superhuman strength and courage
• diverse, exotic settings
• plots that focus on the hero’s difficult journey or quest to achieve a goal
• conflicts involving struggles with gods or monsters that test the hero’s strength and wit
• themes that impart wisdom or morality to humankind

35. Epic Hero
Central to the narrative of an epic is the main character, known as the epic hero.
An epic hero is an archetype, or type of character, that has been appearing in the literature of the world since ancient times.
Lecture Notes Outline
Central to the narrative of an epic is the main character, known as the epic hero. An epic hero is an archetype, or type of character, that has been appearing in the literature of the world since ancient times.

36. Qualities of an Epic Hero
Historically, an epic hero is a male of royal lineage who possesses certain qualities that help or hinder him in his quest.
These traits include
courage
arrogance or pride
resourcefulness
intelligence
faithfulness
vulnerability
Lecture Notes Outline
Historically, an epic hero is a male of royal lineage who possesses certain qualities that help or hinder him in his quest. These traits include
• courage
• arrogance or pride
• resourcefulness
• intelligence
• faithfulness
• vulnerability

37. Epic Hero
Although an epic hero possesses these human characteristics, he also has extraordinary or supernatural abilities.
These abilities allow him to conquer monsters and other demonic creatures.
Lecture Notes Outline
Although an epic hero possesses these human characteristics, he also has extraordinary or supernatural abilities that allow him to conquer monsters and other demonic creatures.

38. Contemporary Epic Hero
Through the centuries, the definition of an epic hero has changed.
Contemporary epic heroes may
be male or female
emerge from any social status
undergo a spiritual, emotional, or physical journey
Lecture Notes Outline
Through the centuries, the definition of an epic hero has changed. Contemporary epic heroes can be male or female, can emerge from any social status, and may undergo a spiritual, emotional, or physical journey.

39. What heroes in contemporary literature are modeled after the epic hero archetype?
Lecture Notes Outline
What heroes in contemporary literature are modeled after the epic hero archetype?
Navigation Note
An interactive text field has been provided to record student responses. Please note that any text you insert will remain in the text field until you delete it manually.

40. Epic Hero Cycle
The structure of an epic follows a distinct pattern known as an epic hero cycle.
In an epic hero cycle, the hero is charged with a quest that tests his or her worthiness.
This quest typically involves a battle with an evil force.
Lecture Notes Outline
The structure of an epic follows a distinct pattern known as an epic hero cycle. In an epic hero cycle, the hero is charged with a quest that tests his or her worthiness. This quest typically involves a battle with an evil force.

41. Epic Hero Cycle
Along the journey, the epic hero often enters a supernatural world and is assisted by many mythical creatures.
Just when the hero feels defeated, he or she gathers resolve and eventually succeeds.
In the end, the epic hero often ascends to the throne.
Lecture Notes Outline
Along the journey, the epic hero often enters a supernatural world and is assisted by many mythical creatures. Just when the hero feels defeated, he or she gathers resolve and eventually succeeds. In the end, the epic hero often ascends to the throne.

42. SUMMARY: Epics
Ancient epics are still relevant in contemporary society.
After reading an epic, ask yourself:
How does this epic offer insights into ancient cultures?
How does it forge connections among diverse cultures?
What aspects of humanity are shown in the choices and actions of the characters?
What lessons in virtuous behavior are evident?
Ancient epics are still relevant in contemporary society. After reading an epic, ask yourself:
• How does this epic offer insights into ancient cultures?
• How does it forge connections among diverse cultures?
• What aspects of humanity are shown in the choices and actions of the characters?
• What lessons in virtuous behavior are evident?