1. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 1 IMC2 ► Opening slide

2. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 2 Let’s talk about… ► Concepts, legal mandates of IT accessibility ► Who is served by accessible design ► User profiles ► Evolving standards and how to use them ► Accessibility Testing & Implementation ► Next Steps

3. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 3 Introductions

4. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 4 Universal Accessibility ► “Good design is Accessible Design” - Slatin ► supports all people ► supports all technology ► generally makes site better for all ► relationship to usability ► avoid a separate “text-only” version “Web for Everyone. Web on Everything.” - www.w3.org/Consortium/missionwww.w3.org/Consortium/mission

5. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 5 Accessibility = full participation Reasons to advocate and implement ► Legal ► Humanitarian ► Market driven

6. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 6 IT Accessibility Movement ► Standards bodies recognized need to address accessibility ► Begins with universal access to the built environment ► Extends concepts into learning and communications

7. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 7 “Accessible” ► People with disabilities can perform the same functions ►.. can receive the same information ►.. can participate as consumers and producers

8. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 8 Who needs accessible IT ?

9. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 9 Disability market is growing ► 55 million Americans, 750 million people worldwide have disabilities ► Numbers are increasing as population ages ► In US, Fortune magazine estimates annual income of $1 trillion

10. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 10 Official Disabilities ► Visual (including blind, low vision, and color blind) ► Hearing ► Motor/Physical ► Cognitive Learning People with disabilities may use software via alternate input & output methods – assistive technology

11. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 11 ► Slow Internet Connection ► Old Browser ► Missing Plugins ► No Speakers ► Small Screens Curb-cut effect: accommodations for people with disabilities have broad benefits

12. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 12 Assistive Technology ► Customized tools to help people perform daily tasks ► May range from low to high tech

13. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 13 Computer Assistive Technology ► specialized tools ► help perform interactive functions ► accomodate various temporary or permanent conditions

14. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 14 Vicky ► 24 year old, aspiring web developer ► American Sign is native language ► spearheaded innovative use of YouTube for her communityinnovative use of YouTube Issues: ► alternatives needed for sound cues ► captioned videos ► transcripts for audio content

15. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 15 Paul ► 42 year old student, retraining ► served in Iraq with National Guard ► injury resulted in partial use of arms and hands Issues: ► probably does not use mouse; needs keyboard access ► may use filter keys, word prediction software and single switch devices ► may use sticky key software

16. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 16 Toni ► learning disabilities, including ADD, dyslexia ► continues to improve in school with the help of assistive technologies (AT) Issues: ► needs simple layout and messages ► text to speech software combined with word highlighting ► may use word prediction software

17. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 17 Dr. Slatin ► University professor, expert user of tech ► Became blind from retinal disease ► Does academic research online ► Blogs and creates content online Issues: ► needs alternatives to image content ► text must be converted to sound ► search forms, interactive elements ► requires accessible content management

18. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved Accessibility Law and Standards ► Legal mandates for accessibility in the US ► Established standards – and those in development ► Validating to standards

19. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 19 Legal environment ► 1998 – 2002 legal action by National Federation of the Blind (NFB) against SW Airlines, AOL others ► Most settled out of court, few clear legal precedents established ► Since 2002, state of New York, NFB, others pushing state and ADA laws

20. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 20 Target & Accessibility ► Disability class action lawsuit against Target by National Federation of the Blind ► Charges: www.target.com is inaccessible to the blind violateswww.target.com ► Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ► California Civil Rights Act ► California Disabled Persons Act ► Target asked court to dismiss action ► arguing no law requires Target to make website accessible ► Court Ruling – Case Will Be Heard ► all services provided by Target, including its Web site, must be accessible to the disabled

21. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 21 Federal Law ► Americans with Disabilities Act, passed in 1990 prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities ► ADA extended the rights of the Rehabilitation Act (from 1973) into the public realm ► Expectation is that the ADA will be extended as well to the Internet

22. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 22 States are mandating accessibility ► 16 states have passed explicit legislation ► Many include higher education ► Most reference Section 508

23. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 23 Section 508 ► Section 508 of the Federal Rehabilitation Act ► Amended in 1998 to include standards on electronic information technology ► Subpart B - technical standards 16 rules of web-based intranet and internet accessibility standards In process of “Refresh” Hope is for harmonization to WCAG 2.0 of W3C www.section508.gov

24. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 24 Global Standards – maintained by W3C ► WCAG, the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines are international standards widely adopted ► ATAG, the Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines provide vendors with standards for interoperability ► UAAG, the User Accessibility Guidelines for browsers and assistive technologies ► ARIA, the Accessible Rich Internet Application research for emerging technologies www.w3.org/WAI

25. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 25 Components of Web Accessibility WCAG (web content) ATAG (authoring tools) UAAG (user agent)

26. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 26 Role of Standards ► Shared understanding of requirements among: o Consumers o Authoring Toolmakers o Developers o Maker of browsers & AT devices ► “How to” Techniques and testing criteria for content creators

27. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 27 Standards are being revised ► 508 being refreshed (hope to harmonize with WCAG 2.0) ► WCAG 1.0 is transitioning to WCAG 2.0 – accessibility defined within 4 basic principles. ► Content must be: o Perceivable o Operable o Understandable o Robust 508WCAG

28. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 28 Which standard do I use now? United States: 508 with an eye towards WCAG 2.0 International: WCAG 1.0 Priority 1

29. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 29 Accessible Design - ROI ► UT - cannot purchase if not 508 compliant ► British Financial Firm (Legal and General) ► Search engine referrals +28% in first 24 hours ► Visitors receiving quotes doubled in first 3 months ► Site maintenance costs cut by 66% ► Project delivered 100% ROI in 12 months Want to know more? www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/Overview www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/Overview

30. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 30 Why make things accessible? ► because we can ► because the web is about empowering people with information, not building barriers ► best practice ► ROI ► Google & SEO (search engine optimization) ► because it is the law

31. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 31 Let’s Listen JAWS screenreader www.freedomscientific.com www.freedomscientific.com

32. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 32 508 Standard = 16 Checkpoints a) Alt Text b) Synchronized alternatives for multimedia c) Color d) Use CSS e) Server-side image maps f) Client-side image maps g) Simple tables h) Complex tables i) Frames j) Flickering k) Text only version l) Scripting m) Applets n) Forms o) Skip Navigation p) Timed Response WebAim Checklist www.webaim.org/standards/508/checklist www.webaim.org/standards/508/checklist Jim Thatcher’s 508 Tutorial jimthatcher.com/webcourse1.htm jimthatcher.com/webcourse1.htm

33. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 33 Examples of 508 Accessible Design Techniques ► Alt Text ► Media ► Color ► Forms ► Timed Reponse

34. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 34 508 a) Alt Text (a) A text equivalent for every non-text element shall be provided (e.g., via "alt", "longdesc", or in element content). The Issue: ► Think about listening to your web page ► That is why text equivalents must be provided for images and animations

35. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 35 Alternative Text Examples

36. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 36 Alternate Text Guidelines ► Active (linked) images MUST valid alt attribute. ► Each INPUT of TYPE=“IMAGE” must have alt- text specifying the purpose of the button ► Each AREA of an image MAP must have a valid alt attribute ► Non-active images that do not convey information must have alt=“”

37. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 37 Alternate Text: What NOT to do ► Too Long “Image of the United Nations Flag (Blue background with white olive branches surrounding map of world) about one and a quarter inches by one inch.” ► Makes reference to link “link to aeronautics home page” Meaningless out of context “button”

38. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 38 Alternate Text Decisions ► A challenge is deciding what is meaningful and what is purely visual ► alt=“” or alt=“people using library services”

39. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 39 Long Descriptions ► Sometimes short alt text is not enough ► an HTML attribute “longdesc” is available but may not be the best solution ► longdesc points to a URL that has a “long description” of the image

40. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 40 Some images – like charts and graphs – require longdescription <img src=“traffic.jpg” longdesc=“traffic.htm” alt=“traffic density graph” /> traffic.htm: This graph shows traffic density on Main and Center streets measured in … longdesc Example

41. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 41 longdesc “Alternative”

42. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 42 508 b) Synchronized Alternatives for Multimedia (b) Equivalent alternatives for any multimedia presentation shall be synchronized with the presentation. The issue is: ► Audio files and the audio part of multimedia content need to be made accessible to people who are deaf. ► Information in the video part of multimedia content needs to be accessible to people who are blind.

43. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 43 Multimedia Strategy ► Include a text transcript for informational audio file. ► Provide captions for the audio content of a multimedia presentation. ► Provide synchronized audio descriptions of significant video information in multimedia presentations.

44. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 44 Multimedia Solutions ► MAGPie - free software that helps you caption http://ncam.wgbh.org/webaccess/magpie ► Sample video with captions and audio descriptions: NCAM Rich Media Project ► NCAM has a free captioning tool for Flash

45. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 45 Conveying information through color ► What is the issue? ► What is the alternative?

46. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 46 508 c) Color and Contrast (c) Web pages shall be designed so that all information conveyed with color is also available without color, for example from context or markup. The Issue: information conveyed by color is lost for people who are color blind ► Whenever color carries information, make sure that other parts of the page convey the same information. ► Be sure there is adequate contrast between text and background. Related Guidelines: 508 §1194.22(c); WCAG 2.1, 2.2; IBM 12.

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49. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 49 ‣ Can you read me? ‣ Can you read me now? ‣ Use the color contrast analyzer: http://juicystudio.com/services/colourcontrast.php Color Contrast

50. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 50 Exercise - Color & Links ► Do you underline your links? ► Or are your links obvious by color alone? ► Example ► Imagine you are colorblind ► Tell me how many links are in the second paragraph of information: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_lin coln en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_lin coln

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54. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 54 Provide alternatives ► Alt text for active images, “” for inactive images ► Onscreen summary or long description for complex images ► Captions for audio content ► No color dependencies, sufficient contrast When you have non-text Provide text equivalents. Text repurposes

55. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 55 WCAG 2.0,Guideline 2 User interface components must be operable 508 Guidelines l) Scripting m) Applets n) Forms p) Timed Response

56. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 56 ► Provide keyboard access to all functions ► Provide users time to read and use content ► Avoid content known to cause seizures ► Facilitate navigation Put user in control

57. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 57 Keyboard Access ► Form fields ► Submit buttons ► Navigation elements (Javascripted menus?) ► Media controls

58. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 58 ‣ NOT onchange in select box menus ‣ NOT just onMouseOver and onMouseOut (requires mouse) - Also include onFocus, onBlur ‣... rarely needed for more on scripting please research: ‣ unobtrusive javascript ‣ graceful degradation ‣ progressive enhancement Scripting and Interactivity

59. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 59 Exercise – Read this important information ► Perhaps a re-engineering of your current world view will re-energize your online nomenclature to enable a new holistic interactive enterprise internet communication solution.

60. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 60 Exercise – Read this important information ► Upscaling the resurgent networking exchange solutions, achieving a breakaway systemic electronic data interchange system synchronization, thereby exploiting technical environments for mission critical broad based capacity constrained systems.

61. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 61 Exercise – Read this important information ► Fundamentally transforming well designed actionable information whose semantic content is virtually null.

62. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 62 Exercise – Read this important information ► To more fully clarify the current exchange, a few aggregate issues will require addressing to facilitate this distributed communication venue.

63. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 63 Exercise – Read this important information ► In integrating non-aligned structures into existing legacy systems, a holistic gateway blueprint is a backward compatible packaging tangible of immeasurable strategic value in right-sizing conceptual frameworks when thinking outside the box.

64. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 64 508 (p) Timed Response (p) When a timed response is required, the user shall be alerted and given sufficient time to indicate more time is required. The issue: ► A person with a disability may not be able to read, move around, or fill in a Web form within the prescribed amount of time. Related Guidelines: 508 §1194.22(p)

65. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 65 Timed Response: Options? ► Do not set time limit on the user response. ► Notify user if a process is about to time-out ► Provide prompt to receive additional time

66. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 66 Inspect What You Expect: Testing & Implementation

67. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 67 Ensuring Accessibility ► Testing Tools ► User Testing ► Implement & Maintain

68. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 68 Validity: Building to Code ► HTML & XHTML Validation validator.w3.org/validator.w3.org/ ► CSS Validation jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/

69. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 69 Accessibility Testing Tools ► Accessibility/Web Standards Validators ► Page by Page ► Listening to Your Pages ► JAWS / Fangs ► Authoring Tools ► Dreamweaver ► Enterprise Accessibility Reports ► LIFT & WebXM www.jimthatcher.com/testing.htm

70. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 70 Accessibility Validators- Page by Page ► CSS/XHTML Validators ► WebXact ► The Wave ► Web Developer for Firefox ► Accessibility Toolbar for IE ► Luminosity Contrast Ratio Analyser Accessibility Tools can only automatedly test approximately 27% of the issues. Accessibility Testing requires human brain power!

71. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 71 Evaluation of Free Accessibility Testing Tools www.webaim.org/techniques/articles/freetools/ links to free online accessibility testing tools

72. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 72 Listening to Your Site The real test: Can users with disabilities actually use your site? Listen to representative pages of site using JAWS JAWS screenreader www.freedomscientific.com www.freedomscientific.com Fangs screenreader emulator standards-schmandards.com/projects/fangs standards-schmandards.com/projects/fangs

73. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 73 Enterprise Tools ► Define URL, spider profile ► Select testing criteria ► Review reports ► Results by checkpoints ► Checkpoints expanded ► Resources – How to fix ► Previews of pages

74. Watchfire WebXM

75. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 75 User Testing Just Ask: Integrating Accessibility Throughout Design By Shawn Henry www.uiaccess.com/justask/ Accessibility is a subset of Usability Testing.

76. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 76 The Importance of User Testing

77. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 77 A Practical Testing Plan 1.Code Validation 2.Browser Testing ► Turn off images ► Don’t use the mouse ► Increase font size ► Change window size 3.Online Accessibility Testing (representative pages) use more than one tool, example: Watchfire & Wave 4.Screenreader Testing JAWS 5.Enterprise Accessibility Report like Lift or WebXM 6.Hands-on Accessibility Testing

78. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 78 Software Development Life Cycle Accessibility

79. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved Next Steps What accessibility actions do you plan to take next? What resources do you need now? www.jimthatcher.com www.knowbility.org www.webaim.org

80. Knowbility Creative Commons License – some rights reserved 80 It is up to you For most people technology makes things easier. For people with disabilities, technology makes things possible. President’s Council on Disabilities