1. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials, 3 rd Edition CRAIG STANFORD JOHN S. ALLEN SUSAN C. ANTÓN

2. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 8 Primate Behavior

3. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Studying Primates Captive study Semi-free-ranging environment Field study

4. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Evolution of Primate Social Behavior Proximate causes: hormonal or physiological reason to act Deeper, evolved strategies: shaped over millions of years of natural and sexual selection

5. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Evolution of Primate Social Behavior (cont’d) Social Behavior and Reproductive Asymmetry Female philopatry Male philopatry

6. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Evolution of Primate Social Behavior (cont’d) Male Reproductive Strategies – Dominance Female Reproductive Strategies – Dominance – Sexual Receptivity signals

7. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Why are Nonhuman Primates Social? The Paradox of Sociality – Access to Mates – Food – Avoiding Predators

8. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Nonhuman Primate Societies – Solitary – Monogamy – Polygyny One-male Multimale – Fission-Fusion Polygyny – Polyandry Why are Nonhuman Primates Social? (cont’d)