1. Measuring values in the European Values Study Loek Halman Department of Sociology Faculty of Social & Behavioral Sciences

2. Measuring values in EVS The concept of values: Definition Measurement Example from EVS Measuring values in the European Values Study 2

3. Measuring values in EVS Values  … provide guidelines that allow people to master life  … influence our behavior  … specify and preserve social behavior  … define what we want to do our best for and binds people in distinguished groups  …command or forbid, they define approval or disapproval, recommend or advice against….they legitimate behaviors 3

4. Measuring values in EVS Defining values  terminological jungle (Brandsma, 1977: 62)  "Misere der 'Wertforschung'" (Kmieciak, 1976: 23)  "Soziologischer Sprachgewirr" (Kmieciak, 1976: 147) 4

5. Measuring values in EVS Clyde Kluckhon 1959 "..a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means and ends of action" (p.95). 5

6. Measuring values in EVS Critics explicit-implicit; individual-group circularity (wünschenwerten) determining behavior? ‘desirable’ is also difficult to define 6

7. Measuring values in EVS Milton Rokeach ‘... an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence’ (Rokeach, 1968: 160; Rokeach, 1973: 5). 7

8. Measuring values in EVS Definitions "modes of normative orientation of action..which define the main directions of action without reference to specific goals or more detailed situations or structures" (Parsons, 1960: 171). "principles which "guide", "channel", or "direct" behavior" (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck, 1961: 6). 8

9. Measuring values in EVS Definition I steer behavior: "Leitlinien" (Kmieciak), standards or criteria "for guiding action" (Rokeach, Kluckhohn) direction: 'desirable' (Kluckhohn), 'preferable' (Rokeach), 'gewünscht' (Friedrichs) Theoretical construct: 'conceptions' (Kluckhohn, Brewster-Smith), 'Vorstellungen' (Friedrichs), 'belief' (Rokeach), 'Ordnungskonzept' (Kmieciak), thus: not direct observable 9

10. Measuring values in EVS Related concepts desires convictions beliefs norms attitudes 10

11. Measuring values in EVS Values and related concepts Values have consequences for beliefs, attitudes, and skills (Hofstede, 2000: 10) Related concepts more directed towards certain behavior Values are more fundamental, deeper: ‘not concerned with specific objects or persons’ (Reich & Adcock, 1976) 11

12. Measuring values in EVS Thus…… "..a value is … a disposition of a person just like an attitude, but more basic than an attitude, often underlying it" (Rokeach, 1968: 124). "Values are standards of desirability that are independent of specific situations. The same value may be a point of reference for a great many specific norms. … Values, as standards (criteria) for establishing what should be regarded as desirable, provide the grounds for accepting or rejecting particular norms" (Williams, 1968: 284). 12

13. Measuring values in EVS Definition II not specific but general Values are only an element in motivation and in determining action’ (Kluckhohn, 1959: 400): not determining Values are revealed in attitudes, opinions, norms etc. 13

14. Measuring values in EVS Thus, values are: Steering principles Direction is desired Theoretical construct Not specific, but general, more fundamental, underlying Not determining Revealed in attitudes, norms, convictions etc 14

15. Measuring values in EVS A value is: …a deeply rooted motivation or orientation guiding or explaining certain attitudes, norms, opinions which on their turn will direct human action or at least part of it 15

16. Measuring values in EVS Measuring values Ask people their values BUT We do not know our values! 16

17. Measuring values in EVS Thus, indirect…  Describe ideal behavior  Describe what you desire/want  Choices (Kluckhohn)  Content analysis  Surveys: e.g., Rokeach, Schwartz, Hofstede, Triandis, Inglehart, EVS/WVS 17

18. Measuring values in EVS A value is: …a deeply rooted motivation or orientation guiding or explaining certain attitudes, norms, opinions which on their turn will direct human action or at least part of it 18

19. Values and related concepts values attitudes, norms beliefs, opinions Measuring values in EVS 19

20. General latent structure model A B C D L Measuring values in EVS 20

21. Latent structure models Factor analysis Guttman scaling/Mokken scaling Latent trait analysis Latent class analysis …… Measuring values in EVS 21

22. Measuring values in EVS An example from EVS Work ethos 22

23. Measuring values in EVS Work is a moral duty  income  structure  identity and status  contribution to society  discipline 23

24. Measuring values in EVS work comes first not working makes you lazy receiving money without working is humiliating job to develop talents work is a duty WORK ETHOS 24

25. Measuring values in EVS Measuring work ethos  to fully develop your talents, you need to have a job (identity)  it is humiliating to receive money without having to work for it (income)  people who don’t work turn lazy (structure)  work is a duty towards society (society)  work should always come first, even if it means less spare time (discipline) 25

26. Answer categories 1 = Agree strongly 2 = Agree 3 = Neither agree, nor disagree 4 = Disagree 5 = Disagree strongly Measuring values in EVS 26

27. Factor analysis F1 v920,638 v930,637 v940,693 v950,690 v960,709 Measuring values in EVS 27

28. Measuring values in EVS Comparability of measures Comparing scores on latent variables is useless in case the latent variable has different meanings in different countries. Because the meaning (interpretation) of the latent variable is determined by the relations between latent and manifest variables, these relationships have to be carefully examined (Kohn, 1987; Adler, 1993) 28

29. Split file mer gedFRDEATESPTNLIREELVLTPLCZSKROBUGRRUMTUAALAMBACY CY- TRGEKOMDMERSCH v920,640,630,660,650,660,690,620,690,650,450,630,640,730,680,480,640,650,630,610,560,530,600,630,640,550,660,680,550,620,600,61 v930,640,590,600,640,530,670,590,770,670,660,720,520,710,660,630,660,570,730,560,660,710,510,650,660,630,610,720,490,610,590,53 v940,690,670,660,740,690,70 0,740,690,610,640,610,770,700,730,660,650,710,720,670,690,560,730,710,730,600,730,680,700,610,60 v950,690,720,740,720,710,770,760,74 0,720,770,76 0,770,750,760,790,700,710,740,730,670,740,770,690,760,640,720,74 v960,710,70 0,770,640,590,700,670,730,650,67 0,720,700,770,690,720,690,570,680,580,720,690,630,520,670,740,750,71 0,63 Measuring values in EVS 29

30. Measuring values in EVS Calculating scores Sumscores: non-weighted unstandardized scores: COMPUTE workethos=(V92 + V93 + V94 + V95 + v96)/5. Factor scores: weighted standardized scores produced by factor analysis FACTOR /VARIABLES V92 V93 V94 V95 V96 /MISSING LISTWISE /ANALYSIS V92 V93 V94 V95 V96 /PRINT INITIAL EXTRACTION /CRITERIA FACTORS(1) ITERATE(25) /EXTRACTION PC /ROTATION NOROTATE /SAVE REG(1 workethos) /METHOD=CORRELATION. 30

31. Theme: Values & Norms 2009: Values Work ethos in 1999 Measuring values in EVS 31

32. Measuring values in EVS 32

33. Measuring and Comparing Values in 16 Countries of the Western World Documentation of the European Values Study 1981-1990 in Europe and North America Loek Halman & Astrid Vloet November 1994 33 Measuring values in EVS Examples

34. Religious and moral orientations Religious values Private religiosity Traditional belief Confidence in the church Rites of passage Moral values Private permissivenes Public permissivenes 34 Measuring values in EVS - Examples

35. Social political values Conservatism Economic Cultural 35 Measuring values in EVS- Examples Confidence in institutions General confidence in institutions Confidence in democratic institutions Confidence in authoritative institutions Tolerance Ethnic Behavioral Extremists Materialism-postmaterialism

36. Social-Political values Political Left-rightPolitical involvement Protest activity Protest proness 36 Measuring values in EVS- Examples Statements about government and economy Individual freedom Political resignation

37. Primary relations Marital orientations Cultural homogeneity Material conditions Affection Immaterial conditions Family Parent-child relationship Traditional family pattern 37 Measuring values in EVS- Examples Educational values Conformity Achievement Gender roles Rejection of the traditional women's role Equal roles for men and women

38. Work –Extrinsic –Intrinsic –Work ethos Measuring values in EVS- Examples Civic engagement –Membership –Volunteering 38 Work, civil society…. Solidarity –Social spatial –Social economic Environment New Environmental Paradigm Immigrants –Perceived threat –Xenophobia –Etnic and civic qualities of national identity

39. Thank you!