1. Possibilities Of Aluminium Extrusion By The ECAP Method Miroslav Greger - VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava Stanislav Rusz - VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava

2. Introduction The technology ECAP allows to obtain an ultra- fine grain in larger volumes, moreover without change of original cross-section of the input semi-product. It is possible to use the obtained materials in automotive industry, in military and aerospace industries.

3. Principles of ECAP Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of equal channel angular pressing process (ECAP)

4. Principles of Shearing on Passage Through the ECAP Die Route ARoute B A Route CRoute B C 90° 180°90° Fig. 2. The four processing routes in ECAP

5. Shearing Patterns Associated with the Different Processing Routes Fig. 3. Shearing associated by a single passage through the die X Y Z Y Z X Z planeY planeX plane

6. Influences of the Forming Parameters on Plastic Deformation Influence of inner energy Influence of inner energy Non-homogeneity of deformation Non-homogeneity of deformation Density of dislocation Density of dislocation Concentration of vacancies Concentration of vacancies

7. Change of Dislocation Substructure Fig. 4. Scheme of change of dislocation sub-structure after cold deformation

8. Dependencies Linear dependence of dislocation density: Flow stress necessary for continuing of deformation:

9. Experimental Verification Fig. 5. Overall view on the forming equipment and die Fig. 6. Detailed view on the extruding punch for the ECAP technology

10. Samples for Extrusion Fig. 7. Initial sample and samples after extrusion Fig. 8. Structure in the central area 50  m

11. Deformation Resistance Fig. 9. Deformation resistance of the aluminium Fig. 10. Deformation resistance of the alloy AlCuMg

12. Micro-structure of Sample After Extrusion Fig. 11. The first passage Fig. 14. The fourth passage 50  m Fig. 13. The third passage Fig. 12. The second passage

13. Conclusion Refining of grain in poly-crystalline metals. Refining of grain in poly-crystalline metals. Micro-structure obtained by ECAP method depends on: Micro-structure obtained by ECAP method depends on: Using of more passes and turning of the sample. Using of more passes and turning of the sample. Extruding the sample by 4 or more passes. Extruding the sample by 4 or more passes. Optimal angle between horizontal and vertical channel of the part is ≈ 90 degrees. Radius of fillet of the extrusion channel must correspond to conditions for steady flow of metal. Optimal angle between horizontal and vertical channel of the part is ≈ 90 degrees. Radius of fillet of the extrusion channel must correspond to conditions for steady flow of metal. Strain rate has only partial influence on deformation resistance and small influence on micro-structure. Strain rate has only partial influence on deformation resistance and small influence on micro-structure.

14. Practical Illustration of the ECAP Method by Mathematic Modeling Fig. 15. The example of stress intensity by the simulation process of the AlCuMg extrusion (1st and 2nd sample)

15. Practical Illustration of the ECAP Method by Mathematic Modeling Fig. 16. The example of shear stresses partition by the ECAP method (1st a 2nd sample)

16. Practical Illustration of the ECAP Method by Mathematic Modeling Fig. 17. Contact pressure between sample and tools for AlCuMg alloy by the ECAP method(1st a 2nd sample) Fig. 17. Contact pressure between sample and tools for AlCuMg alloy by the ECAP method (1st a 2nd sample)

17. Practical Illustration of the ECAP Method by Mathematic Modeling Fig. 18. The example of the deformation intensity of AlCuMg alloy by the ECAP method (1st a 2nd sample)

18. Practical Illustration of the ECAP Method by Mathematic Modeling Fig. 19. The example of the lay-out of temperature of AlCuMg alloy by the ECAP method (1st a 2nd sample)

19. Thank you for your attention