1. History of Educational Technology
Source: Garo,C. (2007). Teaching educational technology. Manila: Rex Publishing Company.

2. Ancient Civilization
use of pointed sticks to inscript signs and symbols on the leaves
use of knives to inscript signs and symbols on the bark of trees

3. Egyptians (3100 B.C.)
developed a system of picture writing called hieroglyphics
Hieroglyphics – may represent the objects for which they stand for or represent a sound or group of sounds
Scribes – group of men trained on the art of writing and came to be the country’s chronicler of events

4. About 3100 B.C. Devised a a system of picture writing
hieroglyphics

5. hieroglyphics
Represent the objects for which they stand for and represent a sound or group of sounds

6. Ancient Greece
Spartan Education – emphasized the development of the physical body coupled with discipline Boys  exercises and activities that promoted bodily strength, endurance, and vitality  activities: dancing, wrestling, horseback riding, swimming, gymnastics  Paidonomus: the boys’ teacher; a military commander in the public barracks Girls  stayed at home with their mothers and were taught housekeeping

7. Athens
first to recognize the right of the individual to develop to the fullest
believed that the mind and the body has a strong relationship
prime concern of music schools, grammar schools, and public gymnasiums / palaestra is developing the mind and the body

8. Sophists - wandering scholars - emphasized cognitive rules, systematic arrangement of subject matter, use of instructional technologies, design and implementation of effective instructional materials

9. Medieval Era establishment of the Medieval University
Emperor Frederick I of Bologna in chartered the first university
 degrees offered were expanded which required students to engage in more in depth studies and to write their theses, defend them in public before the deans, facultas, and rectors

10. Saracens or the Arabs among the Moors of Spain
aim of education was search for knowledge and the application of scientific facts to their daily lives
their curriculum was the most organized and complete in the elementary, secondary, and collegiate levels
their universities and libraries were the models in the entire Europe because they invented the printing press
originated the scientific method of teaching

11. Renaissance Period modern times began
lines of concern: intellectual, aesthetic, and scientific
movements: humanism, disciplinism, and rationalism
Rationalism: contributed to the development of educational technology especially along theories and practices

12. John Locke: nature of the child’s mind at birth (tabula rasa)
Johann Amos Comenius: developed the first picture book known as Orbis Pictus (The World in Pictures)
 pioneer in instructional technology development
- Maria Montessori: use of multi-sensory materials in teaching

13. Age of Naturalism - Jean Jacques Rousseau: authored the book Emile
 aim of education was the preservation of the natural goodness of the individual and the formation of society based upon the recognition of natural individual rights
Herbartian Method of Teaching: preparation, presentation, comparison and abstraction, generalization and application

14. Froebel: father of kindergarten
Pestallozi: believed that teaching is more effective if it proceeds from concrete to abstract, hence the use of actual and real objects that involve most of the senses
Froebel: father of kindergarten
 emphasized the use of actual objects which could be manipulated by the learners
 recommended the use of play and songs

15. 19th Century
John Dewey: formulated the scientific theory of learning; pragmatist
Edward Thorndike: three laws of learning; connectionist
paved the way to the development of effective educational technology including the production of books, use of blackboards, and improvement of writing implements

16. photography was invented giving way to a movement called visual instruction
visual media became widely accepted in 1920
audio-visual media texts was published
in 1926, educational films were used as instructional media
in 1932, the first instructional TV program was aired at the State University of Iowa

17. 16mm sound motion picture was developed\
during the 2nd World War: movies, filmstrips, radio, and other pictorial devices were used in military trainings
programmed instruction by Skinner
Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives
use of modularized instruction

18. Contemporary Times multimedia resources and computers in classrooms
maintenance of an educational media center
revision and enrichment of curricular offerings to include courses in computer applications
use of CAI

19. use of multimedia presentations in the classrooms
educational organizations are linking up with TEIs
use of Internet and for fast-paced interactive learning, communication, and search for information
computer literacy programs for ISYs and OSYs
computers became more user-friendly