1. Spatial Data Mining Hari Agung Departemen Ilmu Komputer FMIPA IPB agung@ipb.ac.id

2. 2004/09/092 Motivation and General Description Data Mining: Basic Concepts Data Mining Techniques Spatial Data Mining Spatial Data Mining Scenarios in Meteorology and Weather Forecasting Conclusions Questions & Discussions

3. 2004/09/093 Spatial Data Mining Spatial Patterns –Spatial outliers –Location prediction –Associations, co-locations –Hotspots, Clustering, trends, … Primary Tasks –Mining Spatial Association Rules –Spatial Classification and Prediction –Spatial Data Clustering Analysis –Spatial Outlier Analysis Example: Unusual warming of Pacific ocean (El Nino) affects weather in USA…

4. 2004/09/094 Spatial Data Mining Results Understanding spatial data, discovering relationships between spatial and nonspatial data, construction of spatial knowledge bases, etc. In various forms –The description of the general weather patterns in a set of geographic regions is a spatial characteristic rule. –The comparison of two weather patterns in two geographic regions is a spatial discriminant rule. –A rule like “most cities in Canada are close to the Canada-US border” is a spatial association rule near(x,coast) ^ southeast(x, USA) ) hurricane(x), (70%) –Others: spatial clusters,…

5. 2004/09/095 What is Spatial Data? Used in/for: l GIS - Geographic Information Systems l Meteorology l Astronomy l Environmental studies, etc. The data related to objects that occupy space –traffic, bird habitats, global climate, logistics,... Object types: –Points, Lines, Polygons,etc.

6. 2004/09/096 Basic Concepts (1) Spatial data mining follows along the same functions in data mining, with the end objective to find patterns in geography, meteorology, etc. The main difference (Spatial autocorrelation) –the neighbors of a spatial object may have an influence on it and therefore have to be considered as well Spatial attributes –Topological adjacency or inclusion information –Geometric position (longitude/latitude), area, perimeter, boundary polygon

7. 2004/09/097 Basic Concepts (2) Spatial neighborhood –Topological relation “intersect”, “overlap”, “disjoint”, … –distance relation “close_to”, “far_away”,… –direction/orientation relation “left_of”, “west_of”,… Global model might be inconsistent with regional models Global Model Local Model

8. 2004/09/098 Applications NASA Earth Observing System (EOS): Earth science data National Inst. of Justice: crime mapping Census Bureau, Dept. of Commerce: census data Dept. of Transportation (DOT): traffic data National Inst. of Health(NIH): cancer clusters ……

9. 2004/09/099 Example: What Kind of Houses Are Highly Valued?—Associative Classification

10. 2004/09/0910 Meteorological Data Mining Motivation –Lot of analysis methods must be applied to fast growing data for climate studies Result –Appropriate presentation instruments (graphs, maps, reports, etc) must be applied Examples –Spatial outliers can be associated with disastrous natural events such as tornadoes, hurricane, and forest fires –Associations between disaster events and certain meteorological observations

11. 2004/09/09Hong Kong Observatory Hong Kong Meteorological Society 11 SKICAT(SKy Image Cataloging and Analysis Tool ) (Caltech, US) The Palomar Observatory discovered 22 quasars with the help of data mining the Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS-II) –decision tree methods –classification of galaxies, stars and other stellar objects About 3 TB of sky images were analyzed Case Studies (1): Astronomy

12. 2004/09/09Hong Kong Observatory Hong Kong Meteorological Society 12 Case Studies (2): NCAR & UCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) & University Corporation for Atmospheric Research(UCAR), US –http://www.ucar.edu/ “Automatic Fuzzy Logic-based systems now compete with human forecasts” Richard Wagoner, Deputy Director at Research Applications Program(RAP), NCAR Intelligent Weather System (IWS) –Detection and forecast in the areas of en-route turbulence, en-route icing, ceiling/visibility, and convective hazards in the aviation community –Road winter maintenance, airport operations, and flash flood forecasting

13. 2004/09/09Hong Kong Observatory Hong Kong Meteorological Society 13 Case Studies (3): CrossGrid (EU) Objective –To develop, implement and exploit new Grid components for interactive compute and data intensive applications like flooding crisis team decision support systems, air pollution combined with weather forecasting Main tasks in Meteorological applications package –Data mining for atmospheric circulation patterns Find a set of representative prototypes of the atmospheric patterns in a region of interest –Weather forecasting for maritime applications –Ocean wave forecasting by models of various complexity

14. 2004/09/09Hong Kong Observatory Hong Kong Meteorological Society 14 Data –ERA-15 using a T106L31 model (from 1978 to 1994) with 1.125 ◦ resolution –Terabytes –Comprises data from approx. 20 variables (such as temperature,humidity, pressure, etc.) at 30 pressure levels of a 360x360 nodes grid 6 SOM Application for DataMining Downscaling Weather Forecasts Adaptive Competitive Learning Sub-grid details scape from numerical models

15. 2004/09/09Hong Kong Observatory Hong Kong Meteorological Society 15 Dept. of Applied Mathematics Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain

16. 2004/09/09Hong Kong Observatory Hong Kong Meteorological Society 16 Case Studies (4): Typhoon Image Data Mining Objective –To establish algorithms and database models for the discovery of information and knowledge useful for typhoon analysis and prediction –Content-based image retrieval technology to search for similar cloud patterns in the past –Data mining technology to extract spatio-temporal pattern information which is meaningful from the meteorology viewpoints Result –Alignment of Multiple Typhoons, Explore by Projection to 2D Plane, Diurnal Analysis

17. 2004/09/09Hong Kong Observatory Hong Kong Meteorological Society 17

18. 2004/09/09Hong Kong Observatory Hong Kong Meteorological Society 18 Case Studies (6): Rainfall Classification University of Oklahoma Norman To classify significant and interesting features within a two-dimensional spatial field of meteorological data –Observed or predicted rainfall Data source –Estimates of hourly accumulated rainfall –Using radar and raingage data “Attributes” for classification –Statistical parameters representing the distribution of rainfall amounts across the region Classification Method –Hierarchical cluster analysis

19. 2004/09/09Hong Kong Observatory Hong Kong Meteorological Society 19 What we can learn from those scenarios? Data Mining is a promising way for meteorological analysis Very strong interaction between scientists and the knowledge discovery system is necessary The users define features of the meteorological phenomena based on their expert knowledge The system extracts the instances of such phenomena Then, further analysis of phenomena is possible

20. 2004/09/09Hong Kong Observatory Hong Kong Meteorological Society 20 Conclusions Data mining: discovering interesting patterns from large amounts of data A natural evolution of database technology, in great demand, with wide applications A KDD process includes data mining, and other steps Data Mining can be performed in a variety of information repositories Data mining Tasks: characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering, outlier and trend analysis, etc.

21. 2004/09/0921 And now discussion