1. Ancient Egypt

2. Location: most of modern day Egypt – along the Nile River

3. Political Organization
3000 BC unification under King Narmer
first Egyptian dynasty centered at Memphis where Upper and lower Egypt meet.
pharaoh =
pharaohs had absolute power and owned all land; however, they were expected to behave morally and were judged on good deeds.
theocracy =
pharaoh stood at center of religion, government, and army
god-king (son of Horus),
Thutmose III B. C. E.
government run by religious leaders
Ramses II B. C. E.
Tutankhamon B. C. E.

4. Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt
Scorpion King or Narmer

5. Impact of Geography Limestone and granite: Nile River:
long lasting buildings
long lasting art
Nile River:
regular flooding = positive view of life and afterlife
floods = great soil
year round water for irrigation

6. Annual Flooding of Nile River
Fertile Nile River
Annual Flooding of Nile River

8. Nile Irrigation - Shaduf
Impact of Climate
large deserts =
dry climate =
Nile Irrigation - Shaduf
obstacles to invaders
must irrigate crops

9. Religion polytheistic
Akhenaton forces Egyptians to worship one god (monotheism) temporarily
Pharaoh believed to rule even after death through his/her ka; therefore, tomb more important than earthly palace
belief in many gods

10. [reincarnation of dead]
Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
The Sacred Trinity
Osiris Isis Horus
God of the Dead
[reincarnation of dead]
Goddess of Marriage
God of the Dead
[transports the dead]

11. Preparations for the Underworld
ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

12. Materials used in Mummification
**all classes planned for their burials**
1. Linen Natron 2. Sawdust Onion 3. Lichen Nile Mud 4. Beeswax Linen Pads 5. Resin Frankinsense

13. Preparation for Afterlife

14. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E.
Egyptian Mummies
Seti I B. C. E.
Ramses II B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C. E.

15. Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”
A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb.

16. Egyptian Book of the Dead

17. The Final Judgement
Anubis Horus Osiris

18. Inventions / Innovations
Hieroglyphics-
originally pictographs, but eventually pictures represented words as well as sounds
calendar developed (365 days and 12 months)
Math:
system of written numbers
basic geometry (to measure floods)
Science:
Set broken bones
Surgery
checked pulse
one of 3 writing systems developed by the Egyptians for economic, royal, and administrative info.

19. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

20. Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship1 10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
What number is this?

21. Architecture Pyramids – tombs for pharaoh's afterlife
built by peasants when Nile was flooded (not slaves)

22. Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara “Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu
Giza Pyramid Complex

23. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

24. The Valley of the Kings

25. Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

26. Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

27. Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

28. King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask
B. C. E.

29. King Tutankhamon

30. King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

31. Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

32. The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
B. C. E.

33. The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

34. Queen Nefertiti

35. Abu Simbel: Monument to Ramses II
B. C. E.

36. Hieratic Scroll Piece Papyrus Plant
Papyrus a paper-like writing material created from
the papyrus plant that grows on the banks of the Nile.
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Papyrus Plant

37. Other technological inventions include: - Make-up - Toothpaste - Medicine - Ships - Ramps, levers, and other engineering items needed to construct the pyramids

38. Economic System
traded agricultural surplus: wheat barley (from Nile which provided silt)
mining of large mineral deposits of copper which used for bronze tools. Gold and copper were mined by slaves which greatly enriched the royal treasury.
had enough economic strength to support massive public works =
Construction projects financed by the government for the benefit and use of its citizens

39. Egyptian Society – based on a strict class system
Egyptian Society – based on a strict class system - Hierarchy: a system in which people or things are placed in a series of levels with different importance or status

40. Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

41. Ancient Egyptian Housing
Middle Class Homes
Peasant Homes

42. Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

43. Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

44. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
Mirror
Perfume
Whigs