1. The CV system
The respiratory system
The muscular system

2. The CV system Heart, Blood and Blood Vessels.
Heart pumps blood around the body
(2 main functions):
To supply the body with oxygen/nutrients
To remove waste products such as carbon dioxide 2

3. The CV system Aerobic (with air) activity
Any sustained activity requiring increased breathing and oxygen consumption
Aerobic activities normally last for a minute or more
Increases cardio - vascular fitness and efficiency of respiratory system
E.g. long distance running
Anaerobic (without air) activity
Anaerobic activities are high intensity activities over a short period of time
They only last for 40 second or so, even the fittest athletes cannot work at this intensity for longer
Examples include 100m sprint 3

4. The CV System during exercise
Immediate effects of exercise:
Increased HR (adrenaline released)
Increased blood pressure
Increased body temperature/sweating
Lactic acid build up
Muscle fatigue / tiredness 4

5. Overall more efficient CV system
Regular Exercise & the CV System
Effects of regular training and exercise:
Increased stroke volume and cardiac output (so heart pumps more blood per beat)
Quicker recovery rate
Lower resting HR
Healthy veins and arteries
Reduced blood pressure
Overall more efficient CV system 5

6. The effect of lifestyle on the CV system
Rest
High Cholesterol
Recreational drugs
Sedentary lifestyle & lack of exercise
Stress 6

7. The Respiratory System
YOU WILL NOT BE TESTED ON HOW THIS SYSTEM WORKS BUT WILL HELP YOU UNDERSTAND THIS TOPIC
The Respiratory System
Inspiration
The intercostal muscles contract pulling the rib cage up and out
Diaphragm contracts causing it to flatten
Chest cavity gets larger causing pressure in the lungs to fall
Air moves into the lungs through the trachea from the higher outside pressure into the chest and one of the two bronchi through bronchioles and into the alveoli.
Air flowing in 7

8. The Respiratory System
YOU WILL NOT BE TESTED ON HOW THIS SYSTEM WORKS BUT WILL HELP YOU UNDERSTAND THIS TOPIC
The Respiratory System
Expiration
The intercostal muscles relax and so the rib cage returns to normal
The diaphragm relaxes pushing it up
The chest cavity gets smaller so the pressure in the lungs increases
Air flows out of the lungs
During periods of exercise expiration becomes an active process involving the forced expulsion of air
Air flowing outward 8

9. The Respiratory System
YOU WILL NOT BE TESTED ON HOW THIS SYSTEM WORKS BUT WILL HELP YOU UNDERSTAND THIS TOPIC
The Respiratory System
Expiration
The intercostal muscles relax and so the rib cage returns to normal
The diaphragm relaxes pushing it up
The chest cavity gets smaller so the pressure in the lungs increases
Air flows out of the lungs
During periods of exercise expiration becomes an active process involving the forced expulsion of air
Air flowing outward 9

10. The Respiratory System
Tidal volume
“The amount of air inspired and expired with each normal breath at rest and during recovery”
Tidal volume increases during exercise
Vital capacity
“the maximum amount of air you can breathe out after breathing in as much air as possible” 10

11. Immediate and long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system
Oxygen debt
“the extra oxygen consumed during recovery from a period of strenuous physical activity, compared with the amount which would usually have been consumed over the same length of time at rest.” 11

12. Immediate and long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system
Improved efficiency of lungs and better delivery of oxygen to the working muscles.
Meaning the body will be able to cope better during exercise.
VITAL CAPACITY increases
No. OF ALVEOLI increases
No. OF BLOOD VESSELS increases
Smoking can have serious negative effects on the respiratory system (i.e. damage alveoli affecting gaseous exchange). 12

13. The muscular system
The muscular system describes all the muscles in the body and how they work.
It is the driving force behind movement, which happens as a result of muscles contracting and lengthening.
Voluntary muscles bring about movement, these are the ones that can be consciously controlled and we use in sport and physical activity.
Involuntary muscles contract by themselves e.g. heart 13

14. Muscles and muscle action
Produces
Main Action
Extension of the upper leg
Pull the legs back at the hips.
Running/good posture
Flexion of the leg at the knee.
Bend the legs at the knees.
Sprinting: leg bends
Plantar flexion of the foot
Straighten the foot so you can stand on your toes.
Running: pushing onto the toes
Gluteals
Hamstring
Gastrocnemius 14

15. Muscles and muscle action
Produces
Main Action
Hold and rotate the shoulders and also move the head back and sideways. Rowing
Trapezius
Rotates the shoulder blades backwards.
Latissimus dorsi
Pull arms down at the shoulders and back behind your back. Butterfly (swim)
Rotates upper arm at the shoulder.
Triceps
Extension of the arm at the elbow
Straighten the arms at the elbow. Throw a cricket ball. 15

16. Muscles and muscle action
Produces
Main Action
Raise the arms in all directions at the shoulders.
Serve in tennis.
Abducts the upper arm, from the body.
Deltoids
Flexion of arm at elbow
Bend the arms at the elbows.
To throw a cricket ball.
Biceps
Extension of leg at the knee
Straighten the legs at the knees.
Kicking a football.
Quadriceps 16

17. Muscles and muscle action
Produces
Main Action, Sport Example
Pectorals
Adduction of arm
Raise the arms up, sideways and across the chest at the shoulders.
Front crawl swim
Abdominals
Flexion and rotation of the trunk.
Pull in the abdomen and bend the spine so you can bend forward.
Rowing 17

18. Muscles and movement Antagonistic muscles
Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are attached to the bones by strong cords known as tendons.
They work in pairs, each contracting or relaxing in turn to create movement. 18

19. Muscles and muscle action
Flexion (bending) of the arm
The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the movement is called the agonist or prime mover.
The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place is called the antagonist.
Antagonist
(Triceps relax)
Agonist or Prime Mover
(Biceps contract) 19

20. How muscles work A muscle can work in two ways; Isometrically
Isotonically
ISOMETRIC  the muscle stays the same length, a good example being during a tug of war, or when holding the plank.
ISOTONIC  the muscle changes length as it works.
Muscle Shortening= concentric
Muscle Lengthens= eccentric 20

21. Long term effects of exercise on the muscular system
Increased muscle size (hypertrophy)
(Atrophy is a loss of muscle mass; may experience when injured and stop training)
Potential injuries:
Soft tissue injuries: tears, pulls and strains
Prevention:
Warm up and cool down
Treatment:
RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation) 21