1. 16 TODAY AND TOMORROW 11 th Edition CHAPTER 1 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Intellectual Property Rights, Ethics, Health, Access, and the Environment

2. 2 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Learning Objectives Understand the concept of intellectual property rights and how they relate to computer use. Explain what is meant by ethics and provide several examples of unethical behavior in computer-related matters. Describe some possible physical and emotional health risks surrounding the use of computers.

3. 3 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Learning Objectives, Cont’d Discuss the impact factors, such as nationality, income, race, education, and physical disabilities, may have on computer access and use. Suggest some ways computer users can practice “green computing” and properly dispose of obsolete computer equipment. Discuss the current status of legislation related to intellectual property rights, ethics, access, and the environment in relation to computers

4. 4 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Overview This chapter covers: What intellectual property rights are A discussion of ethics, including ethical use of materials, resources, and business practices The impact of computers on our health Issues related to access to technology The impact of computers on our environment A look at legislation related to these issues

5. 5 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Intellectual Property Rights Intellectual property rights: rights to which creators of original creative works are entitled Copyrights: protect original artistic or literary works Last until 70 years after creator’s death For corporate copyrights or anonymous works, last 95 years from date of publication or 120 years from date of creation, whichever is shorter

6. 6 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Intellectual Property Rights, Cont’d Copyrights, cont’d To protect rights, can use Digital watermarks: subtle alteration of digital content that is not noticeable but that can identify the copyright holder Digital rights management (DRM) software: control the use of a copyrighted work

7. 7 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Trademarks: protect identifying words, phrases, symbols, logos, and designs Includes protection for domain names (cybersquatting) Domain name disputes can be brought to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Intellectual Property Rights, Cont’d

8. 8 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Patents: protect inventions Lasts for 20 years Can also be a business practice or procedure Expensive to get but can be very lucrative Intellectual Property Rights, Cont’d

9. 9 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Ethics Ethics: overall standards of moral conduct Can vary with individual, religious beliefs, country, race, or culture Personal ethics Computer ethics: moral conduct related to computer use Business ethics: guide a business’s policies, decisions, and actions

10. 10 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Ethical Use of Copyrighted Material Books and Web-based articles Need to properly credit sources to avoid plagiarism

11. 11 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition

12. 12 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Ethical Use of Copyrighted Material, Cont’d Music Began with Napster Still concerns P2P file sharing sites DRM controls are starting to impact downloaded files, purchased CDs, etc. Movies Movie piracy is high (illegal copies, camcording movies to create DVDs, etc.) Proposed broadcast flag and other controls may become an issue Legal video-on-demand services may help curb illegal movie downloads

13. 13 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Ethical Use of Resources and Information Code of conduct: Policy that specifies allowable use of resources by students or employees Code of ethics: Policy, typically for an industry or organization, that specifies overall moral guidelines for individuals in that industry or organization Business need to decide what is ethical use of employee and customer Information Cheating at schools can be reduced by academic honor codes Résumé paddingis considered unethical by most companies

14. 14 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Computer Hoaxes and Digital Manipulation Computer hoax: inaccurate statement or story spread through the use of computers Often sent via e-mail Consider researching before passing on to others (Hoaxbusters site is a good source)

15. 15 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Computer Hoaxes and Digital Manipulation Digital manipulation: digitally altering text, images, photographs, music, and other digital content Some beneficial ethical uses (aging photos of runaways, retouching personal photographs, etc. Use by media is more controversial Difficult to tell in the future if a historical photo was manipulated

16. 16 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Ethical Business Practices and Decision Making Businesses need to make ethical decisions regarding: Fraudulent reporting and other scandalous activities Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Ethically questionable products or services Proof of age requirements for selling liquor, tobacco, and other adult products via Internet

17. 17 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Ethical Business Practices and Decision Making, Cont’d Businesses need to make ethical decisions regarding: cont’d Vaporware Workplace monitoring Cultural considerations Errors can cost business, embarrass company, etc. Schools and businesses are starting to teach global issues

18. 18 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Computers and Health Computer use can cause physical injuries Repetitive stress injury (RSI): Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Computer vision syndrome (CVS) Backaches, etc. Ergonomics: fitting a work environment to the people who work there Using good workspace design principles can help avoid physical problems

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20. 20 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Computers and Health, Cont’d Ergonomics, cont’d Also apply to portable PC users Travel mice and travel keyboards can help while on the go Docking stations or notebook stands can be used with portable PC at home or in the office Docking station: connects the PC to permanent hardware, such as a keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc. Notebook stand: raises a notebook up to a better height

21. 21 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition

22. 22 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Computers and Health, Cont’d Ergonomic hardware: hardware that is more ergonomically correct than conventional hardware Ergonomic keyboards Ergonomic mice Keyboard drawers Document holders Antiglare screens Wrist rests

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24. 24 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Computers and Health, Cont’d Users should also use good habits and other precautions

25. 25 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Computer Health, Cont’d Computer use can also be a problem for emotional health Stress due to ever- changing technology Many jobs require computer use now than didn’t in the past

26. 26 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Computer Health, Cont’d Computer use can also be a problem for emotional health, cont’d Stress due to our 24/7 society Information overload Can use tools such as e- mail filters, RSS feeds, intelligent agents, etc. Burnout: a state of fatigue or frustration brought on by overwork

27. 27 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Computer Health, Cont’d Computer/Internet addiction: the problem of overusing, or being unable to stop using, a computer or the Internet Growing problem in many countries Often related to e-mail, IM, shopping, gaming, and pornography Can result in loss or relationships, job loss, academic failure, obesity, RSIs, suicide, and more Can be treated similar to other addictions

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29. 29 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Access to Technology Digital divide: the gap between those who have access to technology and those who don’t U.S. digital divide (differences in technology use by income, race, geographical area, education, broadband Internet use, etc.) Reducing the U.S. digital divide is important to ensure all citizens have an equal chance of being successful Some people choose not to use technology

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31. 31 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Access to Technology, Cont’d Global digital divide (use varies by country) Technology infrastructure varies Income vs. cost is important factor Can solve some problems, like telemedicine and education to remote areas Devices designed to reduce the global digital divide Simputer (community digital assistant or CDA) Personal Internet Communicator (PIC) $100 Laptop

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33. 33 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Assistive Technology Assistive technology: hardware and software designed for use by individuals with physical disabilities Assistive input devices: Braille keyboards, keyguards, one-handed keyboards, voice input systems, switches, feet mice, head pointing systems or head mice, brain-to-computer interfacing, etc. Assistive output devices: screen readers, Braille displays, Braille printers, etc.

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36. 36 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Environmental Concerns Green computing: the use of computers in an environmentally friendly manner

37. 37 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Environmental Concerns, Cont’d Eco-label: A certification, often by a government agency, that identifies a device as meeting minimum environmental performance specifications ENERGY STAR: U.S. products that are energy efficient

38. 38 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Environmental Concerns, Cont’d Alternate power can be used with computers and other devices: Solar power Hand chargers Fuel cells E-paper and electronic documents can help

39. 39 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Recycling and Disposal of Computing Equipment E-trash (e-waste): electronic waste such as: Disposable products Discarded hardware Many elements found in hardware are dangerous Much e-waste is shipped to other countries

40. 40 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Recycling and Disposal of Computing Equipment To help avoid more pollution and e-trash: Recycling programs for old computers, discs, etc. Recharged toner cartridges can be used Obsolete equipment can be donated to schools and other organizations Hardware manufacturers are reducing the amount of toxic components used and otherwise making more environmental friendly PCs Some states are implementing disposal fees for new hardware to ensure they are disposed of properly

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42. 42 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Related Legislation There is legislation to protect intellectual property rights, such as: Family Entertainment and Copyright Act of 2005 (FECA) Copyright Term Extension Act U.S. Anticybersquatting Act Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) Ethical legislation is more difficult to pass The amendment to the Rehabilitation Act in 1998 requires federal agency information be accessible

43. 43 Chapter 16 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition Summary Intellectual Property Rights Ethics Computers and Health Access to Technology Environmental Concerns Related Legislation