1. Unit 9: Classification
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2. Introduction Classification
is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.
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3. Taxonomy
Scientists classify the diverse number of organisms on the planet in order to learn and study from them.
Taxonomy is the field of biology that identifies (gives organisms a name) and classifies organisms based on shared characteristics.
Carolus Linnaeus
Swedish biologist who in the mid-1700’s developed the biological system of classification with 7 taxonomic levels
(kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, & species).
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4. Binomial Nomenclature
Genus species
in Latin
They use Latin because it is universal (worldwide) and it is not widely spoken and, therefore, the meanings of the word are not likely to change.
italics.
Genus name is written first and is capitalized.
Species name is written second and is NOT capitalized.
Correctly written scientific names
Homo sapien sapiens (modern man)
Felis domesticus (common housecat)
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5. Purpose for Classification
A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by common name differences.
EX: crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all common names for….
Cambarus bartoni
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6. Purpose for Classification
2. Classification organizes large amounts of information into manageable levels.
3. Classification also reveals (or shows) evolutionary relationships between organisms.
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7. Modern Levels of Classification
Domain is the most recently added 8th taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom.
Video
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8. Levels of Classification
Kingdom is the second level. (EX Plants or Animals)
These organisms have similar characteristics such as: cell structure, level of specialization and method of obtaining nutrients.
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9. Levels of Classification
Species is the LAST, most specific unit of classification where members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
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10. Dichotomous Key special guides to help identify organisms.
consists of several pairs of descriptive statements
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11. Review of Ecology - Energy Flow
All life depends on energy in order to function and survive.
The cells in your body are constantly using energy.
The source of all energy on Earth is the sun.
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Photograph by R. Ian Lloyd

12. Producers/Autotrophs
Organisms that capture energy from sunlight are called autotrophs (they automatically make their own food)
EX plants & bacteria
All other organisms somehow depend on the producers for food.
Producers
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13. Consumers/Heterotrophs
Organisms that have to eat are
Types:
Herbivores – obtain energy by eating plants. (manatee)
Carnivores – obtain energy by eating animals. (sharks)
Omnivores – obtain energy by eating both plants and animals (humans, bears)
Detritvore – obtain energy by eating dead plants & animals
Decomposers – obtain energy by breaking down organic matter (bacteria, fungi)
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14. Feeding Relationships
Food chains show the pathway for the transfer of energy.
A producer always starts a food chain.
Arrows show where the energy goes (from the grass, to
the grasshopper) Sketch the EX in your notes.
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15. Feeding Relationships
Food webs are the interconnected food chains in a community.
They usually show more detailed relationships.
Snakes eat how many types of organisms? (Follow Arrows)
Many organisms in a food chain can eat more than one type of food.
Many organisms are also food source for more than one organism.
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16. Energy (Ecological) Pyramids
show how energy moves through an ecosystem.
Producers are always at bottom (closest to the sun with the most energy).
Animals gain only a partial amount of energy from the food they eat (10%)
90% is given off as heat.
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17. Kingdom Monera Under Domains Bacteria and Archaea Prokaryotes
no nucleus
No membrane organelles
Unicellular
DNA in a plasmid (circular loop)
Three shapes: rod, speherical, spiral
Reproduction = binary fission
Phyla
Cyanobacteria
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria (E. coli)
Prochorobacteria
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18. Bacteria Unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus!)
Unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus!)
The microscopic bacteria live in the soil, in water, and in and on the human body!
Some bacteria is used to convert milk to yogurt and another causes pneumonia.
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19. Archaebacteria Ancient unicellular prokaryotes autotrophs
live in very extreme environments (hot volcanic springs, black organic mud, etc)
some can only survive in the absence of oxygen!
This Yellowstone spring is 194°F!
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20. Kingdom Protista
Single and Multicellular Eukaryotes (nucleus & organelles)
Some autotrophs and some heterotrophs
Phyla
Rhizopoda (amoeba)
Actinopoda (protozoan)
Foraminifera (plankton)
Apicomplexa (plasmodium)
Ciliophora (paramecium)
Zoomastigophora (flagellate)
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21. Kingdom Fungi Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes
cell walls of chitin
Decomposing heterotrophs – they do not use photosynthesis to create food!
Phyla
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota (black bread mold)
Ascomycota (yeast, molds)
Basidiomycota (mushrooms)
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22. Kingdom Plantae
Plants are complex multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls and create their food using photosynthesis (thus the green color!).
Non-motile (do not move)
Phyla
Anthophyta (flowering plants)
Coniferophyta (cone-bearing plants)
Pteridophyta (ferns)
Bryophyta (moss)
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23. Kingdom Animalia
The kingdom Animalia contain multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs.
At the microscopic level, animal cells are different because they do NOT have cell walls.
Phyla
Annelida (earthworms)
Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Porifera (sponges)
Chordata
Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: shark, sting rays)
Class Osteicthyes (bony fish: catfish, salmon)
Aves (birds)
Reptilia (reptiles)
Mammalia
Mollusca
Class Gastropoda (snails)
Class Bivalva (clams, oysters)
Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopus)
Arthropoda
Class Insecta
Class Crustacea (crab, lobster, shrimp, crawfish)
Class Arachnida (spiders)
Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea (sea stars)
Class Echinoidea (sea urchin, sand dollar)
Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
Cnidaria
Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)
Class Anthozoa (coral, sea anemones)
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