1. Video Clips 1-4 United Streaming
ECOSYSTEM NOTES
Video Clips 1-4 United Streaming

2. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
H.I.P.P.O.
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Habitat Loss
Introduced Species
Population Growth
Population activites
Overconsumption

3. What makes invasive species so successful?
Lack of competition
Lack of predators
New and abundant resources
Fill a new “niche”
Show United Streaming Clip 5

4. Show united streaming clip 6
EXAMPLES OF NICHES
Show united streaming clip 6

10. Can a species’ niche be influenced by competition?
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
What effect will the removal of Balanus have on Chthamalus? ?
High tide
Chthamalus
High tide
Ocean
Ocean
Balanus
Low tide
Low tide
CONCLUSION

11. Fundamental? Realized?

12. FUNDAMENTAL NICHES - WHERE AN ORGANISM CAN LIVE
REALIZED NICHES – WHERE AN ORGANISM ACTUALLY LIVES

13. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Studying nature
natural history --the study of plants and animals, including where they grow and live, what they eat, or what eats them
These data reflect the status or health of the world in which you live and ultimately you.
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14. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
What is ecology?
Branch of biology that developed from natural history
Study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment
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15. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Ecological research
includes using descriptive and quantitative methods – measurement and observation
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16. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
biosphere -portion of Earth that supports living things
The Biosphere
high in the atmosphere to the bottom of the oceans
Organisms affected by both the physical or nonliving environment and by other living things
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17. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Abiotic factors
nonliving parts of an organism’s environment
effects on living things and often determine which species survive in a particular environment
Examples:
air currents
temperature
moisture
light
soil
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18. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Organisms are affected by abiotic factors
Food Production in Salt Bush 15 10
Food production (mg of glucose/hr) 5 10 20 30 40 50
Temperature (°C)
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19. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Biotic factors
All the living organisms that inhabit an environment.
living organisms affect other living organisms
All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction or protection
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20. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Levels of Organization
Ecologists study
individual organisms,
interactions among organisms of same species,
interactions among organisms of different species,
effects of abiotic factors on interacting species
Levels of organization:
organisms
populations
communities
ecosystems
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21. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Organism
An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops.
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22. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Interactions within populations
A population - a group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area at the same time
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23. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Interactions within populations
may compete with each other for resources
food, water, mates, or other
Competition always occurs
whether in short supply or not
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24. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Interactions within communities
Several different populations make up a biological community
interacting in a certain area at a certain time
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25. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Interactions within communities
A change in one population in a community may cause changes in the other populations.
can be minor
EX: a small increase in number of individuals of one population causes a small decrease in size of another population
can be more extreme
Ex: when size of one population grows so large it begins affecting food supply for another species
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26. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Ecosystem
Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area and with the abiotic components of that area.
Includes both biotic and abiotic factors
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27. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Two major kinds of ecosystems—
terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic
Table 2.1 Examples of Ecosystems
Aquatic Ecosystems
Other Sites for Ecosystems
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Forest
Old farm field
Meadow
Yard
Garden plot
Empty lot
Compost heap
Volcano site
Rotting log
Freshwater
Pond
Lake
Stream
Estuary
Salt water (marine)
Ocean
Aquarium
Human body
Skin
Intestine
Mouth
Buildings
Mold in walls, floors, or basement
Ventilation systems
Bathrooms
Food
Any moldy food
Refrigerator
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28. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Freshwater ecosystems include ponds, lakes, and streams.
Salt content less than 3%
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29. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Marine or Saltwater
Salt content 3-7%
make up approximately 70%
of Earth’s surface.
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30. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Organisms in Ecosystems
Habitat
place where an organism lives out its life
Supplies food, water, shelter
Supplies its needs
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31. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Organisms in Ecosystems
Habitats can change, and even disappear
due to both natural and human causes.
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32. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Niche
Several species may share a habitat
resources are often used in different ways
A niche
the role or position a species has in its environment
how it meets its specific needs for food and shelter
how and where it survives
where it reproduces in its environment
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33. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Niche
includes all of a species’ interactions with the biotic and abiotic parts of its habitat
Exclusionary Principle
Two species can’t exist for long in the same community if their niches are the same
There must be a variation
Adapt, move or die/extinct
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34. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Symbiosis
relationship in which there is a close and permanent association between organisms of different species
Symbiosis means living together.
Three kinds
Mutualism
Commensalism
parasitism
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35. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Mutualism
both species benefit
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36. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Commensalism
Commensalism
one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited
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37. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Parasitism
harmful to one species, yet beneficial to another.
a member of one species derives benefit at the expense of another species (the host)
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38. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Parasitism
Parasites have evolved in such a way that they harm, but usually do not kill the host species.
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39. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Parasitism
A predator is a type of consumer.
Predators seek out and eat other organisms.
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40. Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
Parasitism
Predation
found in all ecosystems
includes organisms that eat other
Prey - The animals that predators eat
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41. Question 1 A. abiosis B. symbiosis C. ecology D. biology
The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment is __________.
A. abiosis
B. symbiosis
C. ecology
D. biology
Section 1 Check

42. Question 2 A. ozone layer B. maria C. the Sun D. constellation Orion
Which of the following is found in the biosphere?
A. ozone layer
B. maria
C. the Sun
D. constellation Orion
Section 1 Check

43. Question 3 A. moisture B. soil C. earthworm D. light
Which of the following is a biotic factor?
A. moisture
B. soil
C. earthworm
D. light
Section 1 Check

44. Question 4 A. biological community B. population C. ecosystem
A(n) __________ is a group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.
A. biological community
B. population
C. ecosystem
D. habitat
Section 1 Check