1. Microscope Basics (1) Parts and focusing

2. Label the Compound Light Microscope (Handout) Ocular lens Body Tube Coarse Adjustment Knob Fine adjustment Knob Revolving nosepiece Objective lenses (4x, 10x, 40x) ArmStage Stage Clips Diaphram Light source Base

3. Focusing with a Microscope Plug in and turn on. Plug in and turn on. Lower stage completely. Lower stage completely. Turn nosepiece to low objective. Turn nosepiece to low objective. Raise stage with coarse objective until specimen is seen. (Big knob) Raise stage with coarse objective until specimen is seen. (Big knob) Fine focus the specimen. Fine focus the specimen. Centre specimen in the field of view. Centre specimen in the field of view. Rotate nosepiece to medium power objective. Rotate nosepiece to medium power objective. Refocus with fine adjustment. Refocus with fine adjustment. Re-centre the specimen. Re-centre the specimen. Refocus with fine adjustment. (Be careful not to break the slide.) Refocus with fine adjustment. (Be careful not to break the slide.) Adjust the condenser. (Light) Adjust the condenser. (Light) Start over to look at another specimen. Start over to look at another specimen. Carrying and storage instructions. Demo with camera. Carrying and storage instructions. Demo with camera.

4. Microscope and Cell Theory Assignment – pages 140-141 (Handout)

5. Microscope History and Development (2) Field of view and Magnification Check and go over yesterday’s HW p 140-1

6. Early Microscopes - Anton Van Leeuwenhoek The father of microscopy, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek of Holland (1632-1723). The father of microscopy, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek of Holland (1632-1723). Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to see and describe bacteria (1674), yeast plants, the teeming life in a drop of water, and the circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to see and describe bacteria (1674), yeast plants, the teeming life in a drop of water, and the circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries.

8. Robert Hooke In 1665, the English physicist Robert Hooke looked at a sliver of cork through a microscope lens and noticed some "pores" or "cells" in it. In 1665, the English physicist Robert Hooke looked at a sliver of cork through a microscope lens and noticed some "pores" or "cells" in it. Hooke was the first person to use the word "cell" to identify microscopic structures when he was describing cork. Hooke was the first person to use the word "cell" to identify microscopic structures when he was describing cork.

9. Antique microscopesAntique microscopes (link) Antique microscopes

10. Technological Advances in Microscopes

11. Compound Light Microscopes Uses light Uses light Has two lenses Has two lenses Magnification limited to 2000x (400x at LHHS) Magnification limited to 2000x (400x at LHHS)

12. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Uses beams of electrons Uses beams of electrons Magnification of 2 000 000x Magnification of 2 000 000x Has two limitations: Has two limitations: Good only for thin specimens Good only for thin specimens Only dead cells can be observed Only dead cells can be observed

13. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Electrons are reflected from the surface of the specimen Electrons are reflected from the surface of the specimen Produces a 3-d image Produces a 3-d image Good for the thicker specimens Good for the thicker specimens Lacks the magnification and resolution of the transmission electron microscope Lacks the magnification and resolution of the transmission electron microscope

14. Magnification Magnification = Objective lens X Ocular lens (4x, 10x, 40x)(10x)

15. Calculating the size of a specimen binder binder

16. Calculating the size of a specimen Example under med. objective Object size = Size of field of view Number of objects across field of view Object size =1.72 mm 14 Object size =0.1 mm

17. Cell Basics (3) Microscope question sheet (HO) Microscope question sheet (HO) Do in class, distribute and go over together. Do in class, distribute and go over together. The Cell – Need to know Basics The Cell – Need to know Basics Animal and Plant Organelles Animal and Plant Organelles (colour HO) (colour HO) Compare Animal and Plant cells Compare Animal and Plant cells (Venn HO) (Venn HO)

18. The Cell – Need to know Basics Cells are the “building blocks” of the human body. Cells are the “building blocks” of the human body. Every part of your body – bones, skin, nerves, hair, and muscle – is made if cells. Every part of your body – bones, skin, nerves, hair, and muscle – is made if cells. Different cells do different jobs and have different shapes and sizes. Different cells do different jobs and have different shapes and sizes. Cells contain smaller “insides” called organelles – all with different jobs. Cells contain smaller “insides” called organelles – all with different jobs.

19. Organelles The largest and most important organelle is the nucleus. The largest and most important organelle is the nucleus. The nucleus controls everything that happens inside the cell. (Like the cells brain.) The nucleus controls everything that happens inside the cell. (Like the cells brain.) All cells are surrounded by a protective layer called the cell membrane. All cells are surrounded by a protective layer called the cell membrane. The cell membrane is semi-permeable, which means that it lets some substances pass through it, but not others. The cell membrane is semi-permeable, which means that it lets some substances pass through it, but not others. The rest of the cell is called cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is a liquid containing chemicals needed to keep the cell alive as well as hold the floating parts of the cell together. The rest of the cell is called cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is a liquid containing chemicals needed to keep the cell alive as well as hold the floating parts of the cell together.

20. Animal Cell and Organelles

21. Plant Cell and Organelles

22. Venn Comparison of Animal and Plant Cells 1. What are the two main types of cells? 2. What is an organelle? 3. What organelles are common to both types of cells? 4. What are the organelles found only in plant cells? 5. Why do you think that scientists refer to cells as the ‘basic” unit of life? Animal Cell Plant Cell

23. Organelles and their Functions (4) Organelles and their Functions sheet pages 142-143 (HO) – Go over Organelles and their Functions sheet pages 142-143 (HO) – Go over How does a cell relate to your school? (HO) How does a cell relate to your school? (HO) Cells – How it works – video (HO) Cells – How it works – video (HO)

24. Organelles and their Functions OrganelleFunction Animal, Plant, both Cell Membrane Protects, determines what can enter and exit the cell Both Cytoplasm Gel-like substance holds all the organelles of the cell Both Nucleus Controls the activity of the cell. Contains DNA Both Vacuole Storage area in cells (water storage) Both Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Support and makes protein in the ribosomes Both Mitochondria Uses food to produce energy Both Cell Wall Supports cell shape like a skeleton Plant Chloroplasts Uses Sun energy to make food Plant

25. How does a cell relate to your school?

26. Cells – How it works (video) Question sheet - HO Question sheet - HO Cells Vocabulary Quiz - tomorrow Cells Vocabulary Quiz - tomorrow

27. Biological Drawings (5) Cells Vocabulary Quiz Rules for Biological Diagramming (HO) Epithelial cell example Rubric for Biological Diagramming Biological Drawing Lab (HO)

28. Rules for Biological Diagramming 1. 1. Use unlined white paper and a sharp HB pencil. 2. 2. Leave an empty margin of about 1 cm all around your page. 3. 3. Print your name at the top right hand corner. (Use a ruler.) 4. 4. When drawing cells, choose only one cell and show the edge of neighboring cells to show the connection. 5. 5. Title your drawing. (ex. Figure 1 – Epithelial Cell.) 6. 6. Draw the outline of your subject with clear and unbroken lines. Your drawing should be about half the page. When possible, your drawing should be vertical. 7. 7. Use lines to show the out of visible structures. Do not shade or colour your drawings in any way. Keep the objects in proportion to one another. 8. 8. Use a ruler to draw horizontal lines from the structures to the right of the drawing to label (print). No crossing lines! 9. 9. Measure (in cm or mm) your diagram at its longest point; show measure on the left side of the diagram. 10. 10. At the bottom right corner, print the subject drawn, the magnification of the drawing, and the scale.

30. Rubric for Biological Drawings Only pencil used 2 Leave a 1 cm margin 2 Name printed on top right 2 Ruler used for horizontal labeling 4 Labels are printed to the right 4 No shading is used 2 Stipples are used appropriately 2 Clear and unbroken lines 2 Total Mark20

31. Biological Drawing Lab The first specimen you draw will take up this entire side of paper (handout). On the other side, divide your sheet into 4 squares each representing one biological drawing (total of 5). Be sure to follow all the steps properly and be NEAT!

32. Microscope Lab 1 (6) Preparing a wet mount notes. Lab

33. Preparing a wet mount 1. 1. Obtain a slide, cover slip, and water bottle. 2. 2. Place a drop of water in the middle of slide. 3. 3. Obtain specimen. 4. 4. Place specimen in the drop of water. 5. 5. Holding the cover slip at a 45 degree angle to the slide, drag the cover slip into the water and gently lower until cover slip covers specimen and pushes air our from the specimen. To darken specimen: 1. 1. Obtain a bottle of iodine. 2. 2. Place a drop of iodine at the edge of the cover slip. 3. 3. Allow for iodine to move under the cover slip. Do MICROSCOPE LAB!

34. Microscope and Cell Theory Test (7) Microscope Test Importance of Cell Division Reproduction and Cell Division How do cells divide

35. Importance of Cell Division Have you ever wiped out on your skateboard or bike? Imagine how terrible it would be if every scratch or flaw on your skin remained. Cells come from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division.

36. Functions of Cell Division   Healing and tissue repair.   To increase the number of cells (therefore increase the size of the organism).   To replace dead and worn out cells.   To create life (in unicellular organisms such as bacteria, and multicellular organisms such as humans).

37. Why don’t cells just expand so we can grow, rather than divide? If the cell became too large, there would not be enough room to exchange materials through the cell membrane and the nucleus would get smushed therefore not allowing messages to be relayed efficiently. In short, cell division allows an organism to grow, while still maintaining a cell size that keeps the organism healthy. Cell division is one of the most studied, yet least understood areas of biology.

38. Reproduction and Cell Division Organisms of all species reproduce. They may reproduce asexually or sexually.   In asexual reproduction a single organism gives rise to offspring with identical genetic information. Ex. the cells of the human body, other than those found in the male testes and female ovaries and bacteria use asexual reproduction to produce offspring by the process of mitosis. Daughter (46) Daughter (46) Mother (46) Mitosis

39.   In sexual reproduction, genetic information from two cells is combined to produce a new genetically unique organism. Usually, sexual reproduction occurs when two specialized sex cells unite to form a fertilized egg called a zygote. Egg cell (23) Zygote (46) Sperm Cell (23) Sex Cells

41. Reproduction and Cell Division (8) Cells Vocabulary Quiz Cells Vocabulary Quiz Rules for Biological Diagramming (HO) Rules for Biological Diagramming (HO) Epithelial cell example Epithelial cell example Rubric for Biological Diagramming Rubric for Biological Diagramming Biological Drawing Lab (HO) Biological Drawing Lab (HO)

42. (9) Cells Vocabulary Quiz Cells Vocabulary Quiz Rules for Biological Diagramming (HO) Rules for Biological Diagramming (HO) Epithelial cell example Epithelial cell example Rubric for Biological Diagramming Rubric for Biological Diagramming Biological Drawing Lab (HO) Biological Drawing Lab (HO)

43. (10) Cells Vocabulary Quiz Cells Vocabulary Quiz Rules for Biological Diagramming (HO) Rules for Biological Diagramming (HO) Epithelial cell example Epithelial cell example Rubric for Biological Diagramming Rubric for Biological Diagramming Biological Drawing Lab (HO) Biological Drawing Lab (HO)

44. (11) Cells Vocabulary Quiz Cells Vocabulary Quiz Rules for Biological Diagramming (HO) Rules for Biological Diagramming (HO) Epithelial cell example Epithelial cell example Rubric for Biological Diagramming Rubric for Biological Diagramming Biological Drawing Lab (HO) Biological Drawing Lab (HO)

45. (12) Cells Vocabulary Quiz Cells Vocabulary Quiz Rules for Biological Diagramming (HO) Rules for Biological Diagramming (HO) Epithelial cell example Epithelial cell example Rubric for Biological Diagramming Rubric for Biological Diagramming Biological Drawing Lab (HO) Biological Drawing Lab (HO)