1. TERCIE 2014 GENETIC CONCEPTS Výukový materiál GE 02 - 38 Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR

2.  chromosome:  created by DNA molecules  molecules are helically coiled  they are coiling around proteins  proteins are called histons  in their mass is hidden program for formation of cells in the body GENETIC CONCEPTS

3.  chromosomes:  in the nucleus of somatic (body) cell there are two chromosome sets  one set of male origin  one set of female origin  each chromosome is actually twice here GENETIC CONCEPTS

4.  one chromosome originates from the mother  the other chromosome originates from the father  each chromosome has already made a copy (DNA replication)  woman has sex chromosomes identical XX  man has sex chromosomes different XY  sex of an individual is determined by the sperm that fertilizes the egg GENETIC CONCEPTS

5.  chromosome is visible in the electron microscope  best visible by the cell division  cell division : mitosis or meiosis  typical for organism: number, shape and size  so called karyotype GENETIC CONCEPTS

6. in the nucleus of somatic (body) cell there are 46 chromosomes 2 sets of 23 chromosomes > they make up pairs  in the nucleus of sex cell (gamete) there are 23 chromosomes  gametes originate in sexual organs  they originate by a special division = reduction division = meiosis GENETIC CONCEPTS

7.  result of the reduction division is only one set of chromosomes  usual condition (46 chromosomes) arises after fusion of nuclei  fertilization > restoration duplication of genetic information  one gene of male and one of female origin give rise to a particular feature GENETIC CONCEPTS

8.  features:  all what is the difference between the organisms  > their structure and properties  features are the concrete expression of our inherited talents  features are e.g.:  body height  skeleton structure  hair colour, colour of eyes  artificial talent GENETIC CONCEPTS

9.  genes:  basic unit of heredity  genes  differently long sections of nucleic acid  2 types  DNA  RNA GENETIC CONCEPTS

10.  DNA:  right-handed double helix  is to be found:  in the nucleus  in mitochondria  in chloroplasts  v cytoplasm by prokaryotic cells  they can copy or replicate themselves GENETIC CONCEPTS

11.  RNA  3 types of RNA:  mRNA - arises by transcription from DNA  rRNA - forms ribosome  tRNA - transfers amino acids GENETIC CONCEPTS

12. WORKSHEET IS THIS DNA OR RNA ?

13.  HANČOVÁ, Hana. Biologie v kostce 1: Obecná biologie. Mikrobiologie. Botanika. Mykologie. Ekologie. Genetika. 2. vyd. Havlíčkův Brod: Fragment, 1999, 112 s. ISBN 80-720-0340-2.  DOBRORUKA, Luděk J. Přírodopis: Obecná biologie. Mikrobiologie. Botanika. Mykologie. Ekologie. Genetika. 1. vyd. Praha: Scientia, 2000, 159 s. ISBN 80-718-3167-0. SOURCES