2. Vertical Diversity (Stratification) & Snags

3. The Niche Species differ in the breadth of their niche,
euryphagous = wide diet
stenophagous = narrow diet
generalists vs. specialists

4. ecotones, coverts, edges The “Edge Effect”
LANDSCAPES IN WEST-CENTRAL INDIANA ARE DOMINATED BY AGRICULTURE, CONTAINING SMALL AMOUNTS OF NATIVE FOREST, WETLAND, AND GRASSLAND HABITATS.
ecotones, coverts, edges
The “Edge Effect”

5. habitat interspersion –
Leopold’s Law of Interspersion

6. Habitat Fragmentation
1) gap formation
2) decrease patch size
3) increase isolation
4) increase edge
5) conversion of matrix

7. Countering Edge Effects & Habitat Fragmentation
Increase edge complexity
Develop connective corridors

8. Roads: Formation of Barriers in Landscapes

11. Animal Movements Concept of the home range
- refers to the minimum area needed for an individual to meet all of its normal life requirements
any part of a home range that is defended intra-specifically, is a territory
(reducing competition, population regulation, spread risk)

12. Generalist predator species with HR encompassing several hab patches are required to travel between patches during normal foraging movements. Interpatch movements in ag landscapes often equate to travel across a potentially hostile matrix.

14. Animal Movements Types:
Dispersal = 1-way movement (emmigrant vs. immigrant)
- typically includes juveniles leaving natal
home range

17. Animal Movements Types:
Dispersal = 1-way movement (emmigrant vs. immigrant)
- typically includes juveniles leaving natal
home range
2) Migration = round-trip movement
- altitudinal & latitudinal; movement to breeding and wintering grounds

19. Mortality Predation Habitat Loss
Disease (e.g. bovine tuberculosis, botulism, pollutants)
Hunting & Trapping

20. Mortality
Types:
1) additive mortality: mortality factors interact in additive manner
e.g., hunting mortality + mortality from predation
2) compensatory mortality: total mortality unchanged despite multiple mortality factors…
“mortality factors offset one another”
e.g., less disease mortality with increased hunting
harvestable surplus

21. Managing Overabundant Wildlife
Canada goose
Resident, giant Canada geese (“golf course geese”)
Complaints, disease

22. Managing Overabundant Wildlife
Canada goose
* harvest controlled by:
- length of season
- bag limits
- hunting dates
- harvest quotas
* Michigan Canada geese =
1) Mississippi Valley Population (MVP)
2) Southern James Bay Population (SJBP)
3) local giant Canada geese (early/late hunt)
(“golf-course geese”)

25. Zone
Dates
Bag Limit
Possession
North
1-10 Sept 5 10
Middle &
South
1-15 Sept
All zones
20 Sept – 10 Oct, 4-12 Dec 2 4
1-30 Jan
Early Season
Regular Season
Late Season

27. Biodiversity Hotspots
Check link on BIO 240 Web Page --- learn about different sites around the world

28. Continue to be an important tool in wildlife management
Reintroductions & Translocations
Continue to be an important tool in wildlife management

29. Wildlife Reintroductions
Does habitat remain?
How much?
Connected?
Management?
Competition / Predation / Diseases

30. Wildlife Reintroductions
Viable Population?
PVA
VORTEX
RAMAS

31. Wildlife Reintroductions
Viable Population?
PVA
VORTEX
RAMAS
Incorporate GIS

32. Wildlife Reintroductions
Genetic Considerations – Why should you care?
Genetic swamping?

33. Genetic Considerations: Why Should You Care?
Genetic variation is the underlying basis for adaptation to future environmental change
Loss of genetic variation is often a direct consequence of species reintroduction
Understanding how genetic loss occurs can help to prevent management actions that decrease the genetic diversity of reintroduced wildlife species

34. Wildlife Reintroductions
Genetic Considerations
Inbreeding
Did we release highly related individuals?

35. Wildlife Reintroductions
Genetic Considerations
Founder Effect

36. Founder Effect
The reduction in overall genetic diversity experienced as a consequence of population establishment from a limited sample of individuals
Most reintroductions and natural colonization events exhibit Founder Effects
The magnitude of the effect depends upon the number of animals translocated or colonizing an area

37. Wildlife Reintroductions
Genetic Considerations
Genetic Bottleneck

38. Bottleneck
An event in which a population drops significantly in size and then recovers
Events such as habitat loss, over harvest, or reintroduction can create bottlenecks and the magnitude of the effect on genetic diversity depends upon:
Number of individuals at lowest point
Length of time population remains depressed

39. Genetic Drift
Random fluctuations in gene frequencies due to temporal variance in survival and reproduction
Small populations drift more rapidly than large ones
Higher reproductive and survival rates can slow the rate of genetic drift
Genetic drift can result in loss of genetic diversity as well as increases in the frequency of rare alleles

40. Inbreeding Mating of closely related individuals
Anytime genes that are alike by descent (i.e., from a shared ancestor) come together within individuals
Enhanced by slow population growth rates
Affected by mating system
Influenced by the relatedness of the initial population founders (e.g. reintroductions)

41. Hypothetical Source Population
Different Colors Represent Copies of Different Genes

42. Loss of Alleles Due to Original Sampling Event
Trap and Transplant
SAMPLING ERROR
Reintroduced Population
Loss of Alleles Due to Original Sampling Event
Small Samples From Source
Incomplete Sampling of Genes
Sampling of Related Groups

43. Loss of Alleles Due to Post-Release Stochastic Processes
Founder Effects
FOUNDER EFFECTS
Loss of Alleles Due to Post-Release Stochastic Processes
Differential Survival of Founders
Differential Survival of Offspring
Differential Reproductive Contributions

44. Loss of Alleles Due to Stochastic And Deterministic Processes10
10 Generation Bottleneck
Loss of Alleles Due to Stochastic And Deterministic Processes
Over Generations
Inefficient Transfer of Genes
Unequal Reproductive Contributions
Differential Survival
Mating of Closely Related Individuals
Brief BOTTLENECK
Genetic Drift
Inbreeding

45. Loss of Allelic Diversity Apparent
20 Generation Bottleneck 20
Intermediate BOTTLENECK
Genetic Drift
Inbreeding
Loss of Allelic Diversity Apparent

46. Loss of Allelic Diversity Dramatic Common Allele Predominant
30 Generation Bottleneck 30
Loss of Allelic Diversity Dramatic Common Allele Predominant
Genetic Drift
Inbreeding
Loss of Allelic Diversity Dramatic Rare Allele Predominant
Prolonged BOTTLENECK

47. Wildlife Reintroductions
Genetic Considerations
Marten reintroductions