1. Biological Molecules & Origin of Life Introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and function of all living organisms

2. Universe formed 15 billion years ago (Big Bang) Galaxies formed from stars, dust and gas Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago

3. Suns energy stripped away 1 st atmosphere 2 nd atmosphere formed from volcanic outgassing Primitive atmosphere: CO 2, water vapor, lesser amts of CO, N 2, H 2, HCl, and traces of NH 3 and CH 4 (3.5 bya)

4. O 2 came in 3.2-2 bya Autotrophic Organisms: photosynthesis Another environmental change Result in evolution

5. Life began~ 3.5 bya Organic molecules (C H O N P S) swimming in shallow seas Stage 1: Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules such as proteins, amino acids and nucleotides

6. Stage 2: joining of small molecules (monomers) into large molecules

7. Stage 3: origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible

8. Stage 4: packaging these molecules into pre-cells, droplets of molecules with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry

9. Thomas Huxley- Search for origin of life Wyville Thompson: HMS Challenger (1872-1876) found it was actually diatomacous ooze reacting with seawater and ethyl alcohol Bathybias heckali- primordial ooze

10. 0.5 billion years ago Atmosphere O 2 to 1% current Compare to present: 78% N 2, 21% O 2, 0.04% CO 2, + trace gasses Relatively small, most single cell Start of multicellularity Increase in cell complexity

12. Miller and Urey’s Experiment ELECTRICITY!!! Organic molecules like amino acids

13. Produced: 20 amino acids Several sugars Lipids Purine and pyrimidine bases (found in DNA, RNA & ATP)

14. RNA world b b The first genetic material was probably self-replicating, catalytic RNA not DNA; b b In “RNA world”, RNA could have provided the template on which DNA was assembled b b Once DNA appeared “RNA world” gave way to “DNA world” b b The first organisms were not photosynthetic; they were probably heterotrophic

15. Protobionts, collections of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane-like structures Liposomes can form when lipids or other organic molecules are added to water. - Have a bilayer - Can undergo osmosis - Can “reproduce”

16. Protocell (Protobiont) Fatty acid membrane with ribozymes inside

17. chemosynthetic bacteria (extremophiles) Chemosynthesis: 0 2 + 4H 2 S + C02 CH 2 0 + 4S +3H 2 0 Stromatolites (bacteria & cyanobacteria) Oldest fossils found in western Australia and southern Africa ~ 3.5 byo Photosynthesis: 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + nutrients + light energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

18. Stromatolites from Shark’s Bay Australia mostly cyano

19. Early prokaryotes may have arisen near hydrothermal vents Hydrothermal vents are rich in sulphur and iron-containing compounds needed for ATP synthesis. Temperatures can reach 120 o C.

20. Hot springs in Yellowstone National Park – pigmented bacterial mats

21. Categories: Lipids ProteinsNucleic Acids Carbohydrates Biological Compounds

22. Characteristics of Biological Molecules to Consider Monomer Subunits that serve as building blocks Connected by condensation reactions (dehydration) Polymers Covalent bonding occurs Solubility in Water

23. Monomers and Polymers Monomer Polymer

24. Dehydration Synthesis Polymer Monomers HHO H H2OH2O

25. C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O Dehydration Synthesis

26. H2OH2O

27. Monomers HHO H2OH2O

28. C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 Hydrolysis

30. Characteristics of Carbohydrates Sugars, Starches & Others Principle Elements: C, H, & O From Photosynthesis Monomers: Monosaccharides Polymers: Polysaccharides Water Soluble

31. Energy Metabolism Structural Components Cell-to-Cell Contacts and Recognition Elimination of wastes (fiber) APT cell Helper- T cell

32. Chemical Formulas C 6 H 12 O 6 From corn syrup

33. Chemical Formulas C 5 H 10 O 5 C 5 H 10 O 4 deoxyribose

34. Maltose Sucrose glucose + fructose glucose + glucose Lactose glucose + galactose

35. glycogen

36. Characteristics of Lipids Oils, fats, waxes, phospholipids, steroids Principle Elements: C, H, & O Some With P & N Water Insoluble

37. Functions of Lipids Energy Storage Protection & Cushioning of Body Organs Structural Components of Membranes Chemical Messengers (hormones)

38. Major Types of Lipids Triglycerides (neutral fats) Phospholipids Sterols Waxes

39. Triglycerides

40. Glycerol Fatty Acids Saturated with H + Most animal fats are saturated, ex. butter Solid at room temp

41. Has one or more double bonds between carbons Most vegetable fats Liquid at room temp

42. Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails phosphorous carbon hydrogen oxygen

43. Nonpolar hydrophobic tails (fatty acids) exposed to oil Polar hydrophilic heads exposed to water

44. Phospholipid Bilayer Outside of Cell Inside of Cell

45. Steroids cholesterol Bacon grease

47. Cholesterol: <200 mg/dl Triglycerides: blood fats, 30-175 mg/dl HDL: Good cholesterol, > 35 mg/dl LDL: Bad Cholesterol, <100 mg/dl Chol/HDL ratio: < 4.5 indicates heart disease Your Cholesterol Level

48. Lowering Your Cholesterol Level Eat healthy Exercise Lose wt. Quit smoking 1 glass of wine or beer Medications (Lipitor)

49. Principle Elements: C, H, O, & N Monomers: Amino Acids Polymers: Polypeptides or Proteins Generally Water Soluble Characteristics of Proteins

50. Functional Groups of Amino Acids Carboxylic Acid (-COOH) Amine (-NH 2 ) R-Groups (variable - 20 different kinds)

51. Functions of Proteins Enzymes Structural Proteins Chemical Messengers Hormones Antibodies

52. Levels of Protein Structure Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quarternary structure

53. Primary structure: Linear sequence of amino acids Levels of Protein Structure Alpha helix H-Bonds Secondary structure: Beta Pleated sheet NH 3 LeuCysValAspPheCOO

54. Levels of Protein Structure Tertiary: 3D configuration Weak bonds between side chains Quartenary: Two or more polypeptides e.g. Hemoglobin (Hb)

55. Amino Acid Structure

56. Some Amino Acids

57. Formation of Peptide Bonds Peptide bond DipeptideWater AA1 AA2

58. Formation of a Polypeptide

60. Two Different Polypeptides GLYSERALATYRILEGLNLEUMET GLYSERASPGLUILEGLNHISASN

61. Characteristics of Nucleic Acids Principle Elements: C, H, O, N, & P Monomers: Nucleotides Polymers: Nucleic Acids Generally Water Soluble

62. Characteristics of Nucleic Acids Nucleotide Components: Ribose (5-C) Sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous Base

63. Functions of Nucleic Acids Genetic Instruction Set (DNA) Protein Synthesis (DNA & RNA) Energy Metabolism (ATP)

67. Polynucleotides = Nucleic Acids

68. Double- Stranded DNA

69. DNA Polymers made up of individual nucleotides Nucleotides contain Phosphate group Five carbon sugar Ring shaped nitrogen base DNA contains information for almost all cell activities

70. ATP

71. Role of ATP in Energy Metabolism ATP  ADP + P i + Energy

72. Role of ATP in Energy Metabolism

73. Inquiry 1.How old is the Earth? 2.What was the 1 st organism to have appeared 3.5 bya? 3.How did it eat? 4.When did oxygen 1 st appear in the atmosphere? 5.How was it produced? 6.What did Miller & Urey’s study conclude?

74. INQUIRY 1.Describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats. 2.Where are phospholipids found? 3.Cholesterol is the base molecule for what type of lipids? 4.Name a polysaccharide used to store energy. 5.Name the currency molecule for all the cells activities.