1. Skeletal Muscle Mechanics Explain muscle properties during contractions of varying strengths. Distinguish the three lever types and solve equations representing these relationships.

2. How to get more force in a muscle… Increase action potential frequency in a motor unit (summation in fibers since twitch lasts longer than AP) Increase number of motor units activated in the whole muscle Maximize actin/myosin overlap Increase number of myofibrils (body building; long term)

3. One twitch (fiber contraction) per excitation. Subsequent twitches can increase force w/ limit at tetanus 1. Increase action potential frequency.

4. 2. Increase number of motor units activated THE MOTOR UNIT: One neuron and the fibers it innervates. Motor unit recruitment increases force. Muscle Muscle Fibers Somatic Motor Neuron Motor Unit

5. 3. maximize actin/myosin overlap

6. THE CODING OF CONTRACTILE FORCE FREQUENCY CODING: HIGHER FREQUENCY OF INCOMING ACTION POTENTIALS GENERATES MORE FORCE POPULATION CODING: MORE UNITS RECRUITED TO GET MORE FORCE TOTAL FORCE POSSIBLE DETERMINED BY SIZE (CROSS/SXN) OF WHOLE MUSCLE

7. Skeletal Muscle Mechanics Distinguish the three lever types and solve equations representing these relationships.

8. Levers - 3 components Load Fulcrum Force

9. When most skeletal muscles contract, the bones to which they are attached rotate around a joint. We call this ‘rotational’ force a torque. Force distance Torque = force x distance The perpendicular distance from the pivot point to the line of the force.

10. An example of a balanced 1st Class Lever F = 10 lb F = 5 lb 0.2 m 0.1 m  B = 5 x 0.2 = 1  A = 10 x 0.1 = 1 At balance, force X distance on one side of a lever = force X distance on the other side.

11. First class lever

12. Biomechanics problem: Upon C1 vertebra, for example, the head weighs approx. 10 lbs. If you bend the head forward 3 inches, the weight that is placed anterior to the facets becomes 3 inches times 10 lbs which is equal to 30 inch pounds 3" x 10 lbs = 30 inch pounds The neck muscles which have to balance this load are positioned 2 inches behind the facets. How many pounds of force will these muscles will have to exert to balance the head? 3 " x 10 lbs = 2 " x 15 lbs 30 inch pounds = 30 inch pounds

13. Second class lever

14. Third class lever

15. Biomechanics problems: 1.Calculate the effort (muscle force) required to hold your arm bent and steady at your side. arm + hand = 10 lbs. distance from elbow to hand = 14 in. center of gravity for arm = 7 in. from elbow distance from elbow to biceps insertion = 2 in. 2. Calculate the effort (muscle force) required to curl a dumbell with your arm. Dumbell weight = 20 lbs (resistance arm is the full distance from elbow to hand in this case)