1. Cell Reproduction

2. Chromosomes: made of DNA

3. DNA: stores all genetic information -genes: a hereditary unit of DNA -4 bases: -Adenine -Thymine -Guanine -cytosine

4. Chromosome Anatomy

5. Chromosome Types 1.Sex Chromosomes: determines the sex of an organism -XY: male -XX: female 2.Autosomes: All other chromosomes of an organism

6. Chromosome Duplication

7. Homologous Chromosomes: two copies of each autosome – same size, shape, and genes

8. Karyotype: photomicrograph of chromosomes Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

9. Diploid Cells (2n): cells with both sets of chromosomes (both homologous pairs) 46 chromosomes/23 pairs in humans

10. Haploid cells (1n): cells with one set of chromosomes

11. “C” words of Cytology 1. Chromosome: condensed genetic material 2.Chromatid: one of two identical copies of DNA 3.Centromere: region that joins the chromatids

12. “C” words of Cytology 4.Centrioles: cylindrical structures that assist in cell division 5.Centrosome: dark regions in the cytoplasm that create spindle fibers

13. Cell Division: all cells come from pre- existing cells

14. 2 Types of Division

15. 1. Mitosis: cell division which produces 2 diploid, identical cells

16. 2. Meiosis: cell division which produces 4 haploid cells

17. Cell Life Cycle 1.Interphase: G1, S, and G2 G = growth S = Synthesis 2.M phase: mitosis – nuclear division 3.Cytokinesis: cytoplasm division

18. Interphase 1. Interphase: DNA not visible -nucleus still intact

19. Phases of Mitosis 2.Prophase: chromosomes become visible -nucleus disintegrates

20. Phases of Mitosis 3.Metaphase: chromosomes connect at the centromere to spindle fibers -line up at the equatorial plate

21. Phases of Mitosis 4.Anaphase: spindle fibers recede -pull chromosomes apart -chromosomes retreat to opposite ends

22. Phases of Mitosis 5.Telophase: nucleus reforms Cytokinesis splitting the cell -2 daughter cells are formed

23. 21 22 23 24

27. Meiosis: cell division which produces 4 haploid cells

28. Haploid: a cell with half the number of chromosomes (1n)

29. Fertilization: the fusion of two gametes (sperm/eggs)

30. Review terms:

31. Homologous Chromosomes: same chromosomes – one from each parent

32. Chromatid: one of two identical copies of the same DNA

33. Meiosis -produces four offspring cells of 1n -two cell division cycles (meiosis I & 2) -produces gametes -chromosomes cross over

34. Mitosis Vs. Meiosis

35. 8 Stages of Meiosis Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I Meiosis II

36. Prophase I -Tetrads form

37. Metaphase I -Crossing over: exchange of genetic info between homologous chromosomes

39. Anaphase I -tetrads are pulled apart

40. Telophase I -cytokinesis occurs

41. Prophase II

42. Metphase II

43. Anaphase II

44. Telophase II

45. Spermatogenesis: meiosis that produces sperm Produces 4 fertile cells; in humans @ 400 billion

46. Oogenesis: meiosis that produces egg cells Produces 1 fertile cell; about 400 in a lifetime

47. Types of Reproduction 1.Sexual reproduction: offspring are the result of combination of parental genetics 2.Asexual reproduction: no exchange of genetic information – genetically identical to parent

48. Nature protects the female

50. Cellular Disorders

51. Cancer: a mitotic disorder

52. Characteristics: 1.Abnormal rates of cell division; uncontrolled 2.Produces malfunctioning cells 3.Kills the organism 4.Lack Density Dependent Inhibition (DDI)

53. Density Dependent Inhibition (DDI) Ability of a cell to “sense” space – ability to stop growth in a restricted space

54. Density Dependent Inhibition (DDI) Lack of DDI – cells continue to divide – causes tumors

55. Types of Tumors 1.Benign: cancer cells remain at the original site 2.Malignant: cancer cells become aggressive and spread throughout the body

56. Teratoma

57. Metastasis: movement of cancer through the blood/lymph to other organs

59. Causes: carcinogens and contributing factors

60. -smoking

61. -radiation

62. -virus (HPV)

63. -genetic makeup

64. Treatments

65. -surgical removal

66. -radiation treatment

67. -chemotherapy: taxol, vincristine, vinblastine

68. Cellular Differentiation -begins following fertilization -process by which generic cells gain specific functions -mitosis process

69. Stem Cells: undifferentiated cells that can become any type of cell Stem Cells Skin Cells Neuron (nerves) Bone Cell Muscle Cells Cardiac Muscle