1. Writing into the day In the absence of written historical sources, we often turn to science in the form of genetics and archeology. How reliable do you think that this is? Should historians rely on science when interpreting history? Why or why not? How and why do you think different races originated? How and why do you think different languages originated? How and why do you think different religions originated? Do you think that all people had common ancestry? If so, why do you think we have evolved into such diverse groups.

2. In the Beginning, Day One: The Transition from Prehistory to “Civilization”

3. I. Hunters and gatherers

4. A. What were the early humans like? tool users Tool makers Fire users (by 750,000 years ago) High and low context communication High reproduction rate Omnivores Highly developed brain Spark of the divine?

5. B. What was the hunter-gatherer timeframe? Modern humans may have appeared as early as 2.5 million years ago Hunter gatherer domination occurred until 9000 BCE

6. C. What were the drawbacks to these early humans? Aggression Extended dependency period for babies Physiological health problems Awareness of death

7. II. Life before agriculture

8. A. Periodization-Paleolithic 2.5 million years to 14,000 years ago. Simple tools Use of fire latter half of Paleolithic Two distinct breeds of humans » Homo erectus » Homo Sapiens Sapiens

9. B. Developments of the Paleolithic No elaborate societies Slow population growth Short working day Equality between the sexes. Creating stone and wooden tools, not simply found objects Artistic expression Religious rituals Eventual development of distinct cultures

10. C. Human Diaspora Origination in Africa Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda Need for food led movement out 750,000 years ago » China by circa 600,000 years ago » Britain by circa 250,000 years ago » Australia by circa 60,000 years ago » Crossing Siberian land bridge circa 30,000 years ago

12. D. Periodization-Mesolithic Middle stone age 12,000 to 8,000 BCE Manipulating tools: sharpen stone Utilized bone Fishing increased due to log rafts and dugouts Manufacture of pots and baskets Specialization begins Large animals domestication Population growth accelerated Wars and conflicts according to fossil record (broken bones)

13. III. The Agricultural revolution

14. A. Periodization- Neolithic Better tool use More elaborate social structure Population growth and movement Invention of agriculture Creation of cities

15. B. Causes of Agricultural Development End of ice age Climate caused population boom Hunting yield declined By 9000 BCE, regular harvest of grains and berries began By 9000 BCE, humans started raising pigs sheep, goats and cattle

16. C. Changes brought about by agricultural development Humans could settle in one area Elaborate social patterns emerged Population boom (8 million to 100 million in 3000 years) Economic specialization occurred Political and religious development Hunting and gathering replaced by a more sedentary lifestyle This “revolution” took over 1000 years. Large animals and disease

17. D. Wealth led to specializations Need for storage led to development of pottery Water needs to increased scientific understandings of weather and flooding patterns Need for tools led to invention of metals

18. E. Periodization-Bronze age 4000 BCE metal tools were first discovered in the Middle East. Copper was the first metal people worked. Bronze soon replaced copper due to its resiliency. Metal took over completely in the middle east by 3000 BCE, though stone was still in use elsewhere. The Bronze Age led into the iron age, around 1500 BCE. We still essentially rely on Iron today.

19. IV. Civilization

20. A. What is a civilization? Economic surplus Division of labor Social hierarchy Writing-cuneiform  Recording data  Make contracts, treaties  Taxes, census  Write down religious texts  Intellectual progress (philosophy, literature) “The Other”  Barbarians  Hunter gatherers  Nomadic peoples  Sometimes agriculture did not bring other advances-Kush Negative impacts  Lack of equality  Environmental impact

21. B. Catal Huyuk Southern Turkey Founded in 7000 BCE Covered 32 acres Mud brick Religious imagery- male hunters and mother goddesses Toolmakers and jewelers Forrunner of the first civilization, in nearby fertile cresent

22. C. Tigris-Euphrates Civilization Cuneform Called Mesopotamia Used bronze and copper Pottery Invented the wheel Irrigation from rivers nearby Region invaded by Sumerians, who brought cneform Statues and frescoes of gods and goddesses Science, astronomey 10, 60, 360-we still use for calculating circles and time. Religious shrines-ziggurats City states Divine authority of kings Invasion of Babylon-Hammurabi Succeeded by the Assyrians and then the Persians.

23. D. Egypt Nile river 3000 BCE Stayed unified due to its being less open to invasion Pharaoh-God king Government directed economy No independent business class like Mesopotamia Irrigation from the Nile Pyramids (from 2700 BCE) Some interaction with the Kingdom of Kush Art, mathematics(24 hour day) Egypt heavily influenced Mediterranean cultures

24. E. Indus river valley 2500 BCE-indus river in India Large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro Running water Trade contacts with Mesopotamia Distinct alphabet and art

25. F. Yellow river (Huanghe) in china Considerable isolation Some overland trading with india Godlike kings of myth-P’an Ku By 2000 BCE, they had advanced technology Riding horses Skilled pottery 1000 BCE they had iron Ideographic symbols on bone Science and astronomy arose early on Music develops early according to oral legend Simple mud houses Shang dynasty(1500 BCE) created massive tombs and palaces The invasions of the Shang by neighboring groups led to a temporary decline in Chinese civilization.