1. INDIAN SOILS

3. TYPES OF SOILS .ALLUVIAL SOILS .BLACK SOILS .RED SOILS .LATERITE SOILS
.DESERT SOILS
.MOUNTAION SOILS
.SAILNE & ALKALINE SOILS
.PEATY & MARSHY SOILS

4. ALLUVIAL SOILS Formed by deposition of alluvium by rivers.
Occupies 15 lakh Sqkm area in india.
Contribute greatly in agricultural development.
Characteristics – Transported soils.
Corsers in upper section and finest in
delta.
Light to dark in colours.
Rich in Phoshorus and Nitrogen.
Hilghly fertile, good for all crops ( Kharif & Rabi )
CROPS- Rice,Wheat, Sugarcane, Cotton ,Jute.
ARCES- Punjab, Harynana, U.P., Bihar, W.B. ,Assam.

5. BLACK SOIL Also known as REGURE OR Black cotton soli.
Dark grey to Black in colour.
High clay content.
Highly moinst retentive.
Develpos creacks in summer.
Covers 5.4 lakh sqkm.
Highly suitable for cotton rich in iron, lime, calcium,magnesium ,carbonates, & alumina.
Poor in phosphorsres, Nitrogen & Organic matter.
CROPS- Cotton, Sugarcane, Ground nut, millets Rice, Wheat, Oilseads.
AREAS- Maharastra, Karntaka, T.M. & Rajasthan.

6. RED SOILS More sandy & less clayes.
Formed due to weathering of old crystalline rocks.
Rich in iron ,small amount of Humus.
Poor in phosphous, Nitrogen & lime.
Slightly acidic and do not retain moisture.
3.5 lakhs sqkm.area.
Porous and Frible.
AREA- Tamil Nadu,Southern Karnataka parts, West Bengal , Maharashtra.
CROPS- Groundnut, milletr, potato, rice, wheat,sugarecane.

7. LATERITE SOIL Latin word meaning brick.
Formed under high temperature and rain fall with wet and dry spell.
Silic a is leached due to high rainfall.
Remnants of iron and aluminumm oxides leaft behind is known as laterrite.
Brown to yellowish colour.
Becomes hard when exposed to atmossphere.
Used asbuilding material.
Rich in iron.
Poor in line, potaash and magesium.
Occupies 2.4 lakh sqkm.
AREAS- Parts of assam, Karnatka, T.N,.
Crops- Tea ,Coffee, Cashew, Rubber and Coconut.

8. DESERT SOIL Contanis soluble salts.
Originated by mechanical disintegration & wind deposit.
Prous and Coarse.
Rich in Nitrates & Phossphates.
Poor in Nitrogen & Humus.
Friable, sanday & low moist content.
1.4 lakhs sqkm.
AREAS- Arid & semi arid regions of Rajasthan,Haryana, Punjab.
CROPS – Droughnt registant crops like millets and barey.

9. MOUNTION SOIL Found in hill slopes Formed by deposition of organic.
Rich in humanus.
Door in potash and line.
AREAS- Assam, Kashmir, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh.
CROPOS- Tea, Coffee, Spices & Tropical fruits..

10. SALINE & ALKALINE SOIL Contains salts like sodium, magnesium calcuim.
Infrtile ,unfit for cultivation.
Sanday to loamy intexture.
AREAS- Parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan. Punjab,Haryana, U.P, & Maharashtra.

11. PEATY & MARSHY SOIL Occurin humind region.
Formed by accumulation of organic matter.
Black in colour.
Highly acidic and heavy.
AREAS- Kerala, Orrissa, Sundarbans of W.B.

12. SOIL EROSION Removal of top soil by different agents. CAUSES:
Deforestion
Overgrazing
Faulty method of Agriculutre.
Ersion by rivers.
Removal of top soil.
Shifting cultivation.

13. SOIL EFFECTS Loss of cultivable land. Reducation in siol feritility.
Causesliting & may change river course.
Results in lots of run off.
Reduces percolation of ground water.

14. SOIL CONSERVATION Protection of soil from Erosion & Deterioration.
Measures for soil conservation:
Contour farming.
Mulching ( spreading of grass,
leaves on ground)
Afforestion and Reforestion.
Controlled of dams & barrages cropo
rotation.
Subsoiling.
Terrace farming.