1. Chapter 2 First Civilizations: Africa & Asia 3200 B.C.-500 B.C.
Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
Section 2: Egyptian Civilization
Section 3: City-States of Ancient Sumer
Section 4: Invaders, traders, & Empire Builders
Section 5: The Roots of Judaism

2. Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
Summary:
Historians split ancient Egyptian history into 3 periods
1.) The Old Kingdom
2.) The Middle Kingdom
3.) The New Kingdom

3. Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
One of the earliest civilizations arose in Egypt about 5,000 years ago
Since most of Egypt is desert, people settled along the Nile River

4. Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
The fertile soil of the Nile Valley produced good crops
Yearly floods soaked the land and deposited rich soil
The river also served as a highway for travel by boat

5. Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
The Egyptian ruler was called a Pharaoh
After the death of a Pharaoh, power usually passed to another member of his family
These ruling families were called dynasties

6. Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
The 3 periods of Egyptian history are the:
1.) Old Kingdom (2700 B.C B.C.)
2.) Middle Kingdom (2050 B.C B.C.)
3.) New Kingdom (1550 B.C B.C.)

7. Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
During the Old Kingdom, the Pharaohs created a strong government
They also built giant pyramids
Pyramids are massive burial tombs that took many years and millions of stone blocks to build

8. Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
The Middle Kingdom was a troubled period
The Nile did not flood regularly, so in many years crops did not grow
Although, Egypt conquered many lands, rebellion was common

9. Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
Then invaders called the Hyksos [HIHK sohs], defeated the Pharaoh’s army and gained control of Egypt

10. Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
The New Kingdom began over a hundred years later when the Egyptians drove out the Hyksos
Powerful Pharaoh’s created a large empire that reached the Euphrates river

11. Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
Egypt traded with Asia and Africa
Trade and warfare spread Egyptian culture to other countries
In return, those places gave Egyptians new ideas

12. Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
Old Kingdom (2700 B.C B.C.)
ﻕ Pharaoh’s organize strong government
ﻷ Egyptians believe Pharaoh is a god
ﻳ Old Kingdom is known as Pyramid Age
ﻎ Egyptians build giant pyramids at Giza

13. Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
Middle Kingdom (2050 B.C B.C.)
ﻕ Egyptians suffer food shortages
ﻷ People rebel
ﻳ Hyksos conquer Egypt

14. Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
New Kingdom (1550 B.C B.C.)
ﻕ Powerful Pharaoh’s build large empire
ﻷ Queen Hatshepsut becomes Pharaoh;
Encourages trade
ﻳ Ramese II conquers Palestine & Syria
ﻎ Egyptian power begins to decline

15. Section 2: Egyptian Civilization
Summary:
Ancient Egypt was an advanced society where people were divided into classes

16. Section 2: Egyptian Civilization
Religion was an important part of everyday life in Egypt
Egyptians believed and many gods and goddesses
They also believed in life after death

17. Section 2: Egyptian Civilization
They prepared their dead for the afterlife through a preservation process called mummification
The mummies of some Pharaoh’s were buried in pyramids

18. Section 2: Egyptian Civilization
Egyptian society had its own class system
Egyptians believed that the Pharaoh was both god and a king
He had the highest position in society

19. Section 2: Egyptian Civilization
Next where the priests, who served the gods and the goddesses
Near the bottom was the biggest group, the peasant farmers
Beneath the peasants were the slaves

20. Section 2: Egyptian Civilization
Women in ancient Egyptian society had more freedom than in any other ancient civilization
For example, at different times Egypt was ruled by women:
1.) Hatshepsut
2.) Cleopatra

21. Section 2: Egyptian Civilization
The Egyptians made many advances in learning and art
In medicine, they learned to cure many illnesses and to perform surgery
Egyptians developed a calendar very similar to the one we use today
They also created picture writing called Hieroglyphics

22. Section 2: Egyptian Civilization
Egyptian temples and monuments have survived thousands of years
Egyptian statues and paintings show daily life, ceremonies, and military victories

23. Section 2: Egyptian Civilization

24. Section 3: City-States of Ancient Sumer
Summary:
The fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers supported the development of Sumerian civilization

25. Section 3: City-States of Ancient Sumer
Geography helps explain the rise of civilization in the Middle East
Like the Nile River in Egypt, the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers made the land around them fertile

26. Section 3: City-States of Ancient Sumer
Tigris
&
Euphrates

27. Section 3: City-States of Ancient Sumer
This region was called the Fertile Crescent because of the good farmland curved in the shape of a crescent
The land between the rivers was called Mesopotamia

28. Section 3: City-States of Ancient Sumer
By 5,000 years ago, villages along the Tigris and Euphrates had grown into busy cities
These city-states made up the civilization of Sumer

29. Section 3: City-States of Ancient Sumer
Different city-states fought each other for land and water
During the fighting, people turned to powerful war leaders to protect them
Over time, leadership passed down within the war leaders families, and social classes developed

30. Section 3: City-States of Ancient Sumer
Like Egyptians, the Sumerians made important contributions to the world
They built the first wheeled vehicles
Systems of ditches and canals provided flood protection and water for crops

31. Section 3: City-States of Ancient Sumer
The Sumerians were the first people to write
They used wedge-shaped writing called Cuneiform to record information as early as 3200 B.C.

32. Section 3: City-States of Ancient Sumer
Sumerians developed algebra and geometry
By studying the sun and the moon, the Sumerians invented an accurate calendar

33. Section 3: City-States of Ancient Sumer
Later on, invaders conquered the Sumerians
The conquerors adopted many of the Sumerian ideas and passed them on to later civilizations

34. Section 4: Invaders, traders, & Empire Builders
Summary:
Strong rulers united the lands of the Fertile Crescent into well-organized empires

35. Section 4: Invaders, traders, & Empire Builders
Many groups invaded and conquered the civilizations of the Fertile Crescent
Some invaders destroyed the city-states
Others stayed to rule

36. Section 4: Invaders, traders, & Empire Builders
Some of these rulers created large, well-organized empires
Empires are a group of territories under the control of one ruler or government

37. Section 4: Invaders, traders, & Empire Builders
One powerful ruler was King Hammurabi of Babylon
Around 1790 B.C., Hammurabi put together a set of laws, called the Code of Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi was the first major collection of laws in history

38. Section 4: Invaders, traders, & Empire Builders
Another important ruler was Darius of Persia
In 522 B.C., Darius controlled an empire that stretched from Asia Minor to India

39. Section 4: Invaders, traders, & Empire Builders
Empire of Darius of Persia

40. Section 4: Invaders, traders, & Empire Builders
Darius divided his empire into provinces, or locally controlled regions
Later rulers used his ideas about government

41. Section 4: Invaders, traders, & Empire Builders
Different groups of people met in the crossroads of the Fertile Crescent
Many groups made advances in technology and ideas
For example, Phoenicians developed the first real alphabet to record their trades

42. Section 4: Invaders, traders, & Empire Builders
Through warfare and trade, ideas and technology spread
As time passed, the contributions of people who lived in the Fertile Crescent reached all the way to India and Europe

43. Section 4: Invaders, traders, & Empire Builders
Civilization:
Dates:
Achievements:
Babylonians
1790 B.C.
Code of Hammurabi
Hittites
1400 B.C.
Forged iron tools and weapons
Assyrians
1100 B.C.
First libraries
Persians
539 B.C.
-Conquered large empire
-Improved trade by using coins & standard measures
Phoenicians
600 B.C.
Created first alphabet

44. Section 5: The Roots of Judaism
Summary:
The Jewish religion was unique in the ancient world because it was monotheistic (belief in 1 God)

45. Section 5: The Roots of Judaism
The Hebrews were one of the groups that lived in the Fertile Crescent
The Hebrews recorded their history in a sacred book called the Torah

46. Section 5: The Roots of Judaism
According to the Torah, God made a covenant, or binding agreement, with Abraham to be the God of the Hebrews

47. Section 5: The Roots of Judaism
Later the Egyptian Pharaoh made slaves of the Hebrews
Moses helped the Hebrews escape
For forty years they wandered in the desert
Finally they set up the kingdom of Israel, with Jerusalem as its capital
The Hebrews believed that God had promised them this land
Later the kingdom split apart, and both sections were conquered

48. Section 5: The Roots of Judaism
In time, Hebrew beliefs evolved into the religion we know today as Judaism
Judaism was different from the other ancient religions
Other religions believed in many gods
Judaism was monotheistic, teaching a belief in one God

49. Section 5: The Roots of Judaism
The Hebrews also believed that God had chosen them as His people
The laws of Judaism are called the Ten Commandments
They describe how people should behave toward God and toward each other

50. Section 5: The Roots of Judaism
Often in Jewish history, there were prophets, or spiritual leaders, who explained God’s will
The prophets taught about moral standards and justice
For example, powerful people should protect the weak
Prophets also taught that all people were equal before God

51. Section 5: The Roots of Judaism