1. Bologna 1st-5th September 1 Neutron dosimetry and spectrometry: problems, solutions, perspectives and the role of track detectors Carles Domingo Grup de Física de les Radiacions Departament de Física Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Spain)

2. Bologna 1st-5th September 2 Overview  Introduction  Dosimetry (general)  Dosimetry (neutron specific)  Spectrometry and unfolding  Calibration  Track detectors  Conclusion

3. Bologna 1st-5th September 3 Introduction

4. Bologna 1st-5th September 4 Ancient references… ...And God said, "Let there be light“; and there was light... [Genesis,1,3 (-XXXX)]  So… the photons were there.  What about the neutrons?...

5. Bologna 1st-5th September 5 Ancient references…  1 First God made heaven & earth 2 The earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the Spirit of God was moving over the face of the waters. 3 And God said, "Let there be light"; and there was light. 4 And God saw that the light was good; and God separated the light from the darkness. 5 God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day. 6 And God said, "Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it separate the waters from the waters." 7 And God made the firmament and separated the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament. And it was so. 8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And there was evening and there was morning, a second day. 9 And God said, "Let the waters under the heavens be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear." And it was so. 10 God called the dry land Earth, and the waters that were gathered together he called Seas. And God saw that it was good. 11 And God said, "Let the earth put forth vegetation, plants yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit in which is their seed, each according to its kind, upon the earth." And it was so. 12 The earth brought forth vegetation, plants yielding seed according to their own kinds, and trees bearing fruit in which is their seed, each according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. 14 And God said, "Let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to separate the day from the night; and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and years, 15 and let them be lights in the firmament of the heavens to give light upon the earth." And it was so. 16 And God made the two great lights, the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night; he made the stars also. 17 And God set them in the firmament of the heavens to give light upon the earth, 18 to rule over the day and over the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. And God saw that it was good. 19 And there was evening and there was morning, a fourth day. 20 And God said, "Let the waters bring forth swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the firmament of the heavens." 21 So God created the great sea monsters and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarm, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. 22 And God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful and multiply and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth." 23 And there was evening and there was morning, a fifth day. 24 And God said, "Let the earth bring forth living creatures according to their kinds: cattle and creeping things and beasts of the earth according to their kinds." And it was so. 25 And God made the beasts of the earth according to their kinds and the cattle according to their kinds, and everything that creeps upon the ground according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. 26 Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth." 27 So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. 28 And God blessed them, and God said to them, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." 29 And God said, "Behold, I have given you every plant yielding seed which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree with seed in its fruit; you shall have them for food. 30 And to every beast of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to everything that creeps on the earth, everything that has the breath of life, I have given every green plant for food." And it was so. 31 And God saw everything that he had made, and behold, it was very good. And there was evening and there was morning, a sixth day. [Genesis 1,1:31(-XXXX)]

6. Bologna 1st-5th September 6 Introduction  Origin:  Natural: cosmic rays  Artificial: industry, research, medical application, …  Concern: need to estimate radiological risk Energy range: 10 -3 – 10 9 eV

7. Bologna 1st-5th September 7 Introduction  Neutral  Indirectly ionising radiation  Complex interaction mechanisms with matter secondary charge particles Detection Ionization of the medium Measurable signals

8. Bologna 1st-5th September 8 Dosimetry (general)

9. Bologna 1st-5th September 9 Dosimetric quantities  Primary standard quantities or physical quantities  Characterise the radiation field and its interaction with matter  Fluence  Kerma  Absorbed dose  Mean absorbed dose averaged over an organ or tissue T

10. Bologna 1st-5th September 10 Dosimetric quantities  Limiting quantities  Take into account the biological effects of radiation  D T,R is not able to estimate the biological effects, which depend on the type of radiation and tissue  Equivalent dose in an organ or tissue  Effective dose

11. Bologna 1st-5th September 11 Dosimetric quantities  Operational quantities  Limiting quantities cannot be directly measured   Operational quantities are quantities defined for use in radiation protection measurements to estimate limiting quantities in practice, in either area or individual monitoring.

12. Bologna 1st-5th September 12 Dosimetric quantities Adapted from ICRP74, 1995

13. Bologna 1st-5th September 13 Dosimetric quantities  But… be careful!

14. Bologna 1st-5th September 14 Dosimetry (neutron specific)

15. Bologna 1st-5th September 15 Operational quantities  In air H*  Presence of phantom H p  Dependent from irradiation geometry (AP, iso, rot, …)

16. Bologna 1st-5th September 16 Primary to operational  Conversion coefficients: fluence to ambient dose equivalent  Highly energy dependent  Double number of neutron does not mean double dose… ICRP publication 75, 1997; ICRU report 57, 1998.

17. Bologna 1st-5th September 17 Neutron measurements System reading M  H Dose equivalent not possible Ideal case

18. Bologna 1st-5th September 18 Neutron measurements Determination of neutron fluence energy distribution:  E (E) Neutron spectroscopy

19. Bologna 1st-5th September 19 Spectrometry and unfolding

20. Bologna 1st-5th September 20 Spectrometry  N detectors with different responses R i (E) to neutrons 3 He BSS 197 Au BSS

21. Bologna 1st-5th September 21 Unfolding

22. Bologna 1st-5th September 22 Unfolding methods  Need some information  Prior knowledge of a similar spectrum  Mathematical approach  Bayesian  Knowledge of physical conditions  Parametric approach Take into account routine operation

23. Bologna 1st-5th September 23 Dosimetric quantities Adapted from ICRP74, 1995 Spectrometry

24. Bologna 1st-5th September 24 Range of application

25. Bologna 1st-5th September 25 Calibration

26. Bologna 1st-5th September 26 Readings  Given an instrument, we obtain a reading  counts·s -1  TLD units  tracks·cm -2  Saturation activity (Bq·g -1 ) ………… Readings are not the result of the measurement!!

27. Bologna 1st-5th September 27 Calibration  Need to calibrate in a reference installation  Equal instruments to a similar neutron field  Geometry  Energy  Angle

28. Bologna 1st-5th September 28 Calibration  Spectrometers  Should be calibrated both to  Monoenergetic beams  ISO sources

29. Bologna 1st-5th September 29 Track detectors

30. Bologna 1st-5th September 30 Etching conditions  Chemical  Simple etching procedure  Optical microscope (automated for routine work)  LET information (of secondaries!!) kept  Electrochemical  Simple reading devices  Need of power source (HV, HF)  LET information lost

31. Bologna 1st-5th September 31 Sensitivity  Fast neutrons  With hydrogenated converters  Thermal neutrons  With Li, B or N converters  Intermediate (epithermal neutrons)  No Polyethylene (3mm) Makrofol (300  m) Nylon (100  m) CR - 39 (500  m) Methacrylate (5mm) Phantom (15cm)

32. Bologna 1st-5th September 32 Typical spectra Nuclear power plants Medical electron LINACs PET cyclotrons

33. Bologna 1st-5th September 33 Extension to high energies  Need  Accelerators for research and for medical treatments  Crew dosimetry in aircrafts  Adequate boxing in heavy metals (Pb, W, Cu, …)  Calibration facilities?

34. Bologna 1st-5th September 34 Conclusion  Intrinsic complexity of neutron dosimetry and spectrometry  Before giving numbers, be sure!  NTDs adequate for neutron dosimetry  Need for calibration facilities for HE (CERF, PTB, …)

35. Bologna 1st-5th September 35 The End Thank you!