1. The First Civilizations John Ermer World History Miami Beach Senior High School

2. Prehistory  Paleolithic Age (c 1,800,000 B.C.E.- c 8,000 B.C.E.)  Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers  Fire, bone tools, animal skin, stonework  Neolithic Age (c 8,000 B.C.E.-c 3,000 B.C.E.)  Agricultural Revolutions  Systematic Agriculture  Domesticated Animals  Land Ownership by Clan  Long lines of patrilineal or matrilineal kinship  Reverence for ancestors—afterlife?  Civilization  Six General Characteristics  Cities, Religion, Social Structure, Government, Writing, & Art

5. The Spread of Agriculture

6. River Valley Civilizations

7. Mesopotamia The Fertile Crescent Tigris and Euphrates rivers “Mesopotamia” Land Between Two Rivers Unpredictable Floods The Sumerians First urban dwellers; Ur, Eridu, Uruk Cuneiform Writing The Akkadians Semitic language First Empire

8. Mesopotamian Society  City-States  Sun-dried brick city walls  Irrigation networks  Government  Sumerian lugal  Theocracy and Monarchy  Empire Building  Sargon of Akkad  builds first empire, dominates neighbors  Hammurabi of Babylon  Code of Laws  Social Structure  1. Free Landowning Class 2. Farmers and Artisans 3. Slaves  Patriarchal Society (males dominate politics; women retained control of dowry, owned property, engage in trade)  Religion  Polytheistic, nature based anthropomorphic gods and goddesses  ziggurat

11. The Nile River Valley (Egypt)  The Nile River Valley & Delta  “The Gift of the Nile”=Floods  The Black Land  The Red Land  Natural Defenses & Resources  The Three Kingdoms  Old Kingdom  Middle Kingdom  New Kingdom

12. Egyptian Civilization  Government  Capital cities: Memphis (Old Kingdom), Thebes (Middle & New Kingdoms with Memphis at times)  Divine Kingship—maintaining ma’at  Pharaohs as gods—sons of Re  Pharaohs vs. the Bureaucracy  Writing  Papyrus and Hieroglyphics  Urban Administrative Capital & Farming Villages  Less urban than Mesopotamia, more dependent of agriculture  Canal Building and Land Surveying

14. Egyptian Society  Social Structure  Multi-racial society  Upper Class: Royals and high gov’t officials  Middle Class: Priests, lower level officials, scribes, artisans, large land owners, and local leaders  Lower Class: Peasants  Women=subordinate  Property ownership, divorce, significant influence over men in private  Religion  Cycles of Renewal  Polytheistic, anthropomorphic gods and goddesses  Mummification and the Afterlife  Medical expertise  Domination of economic wealth

16. The Indus River Valley

17. Indus Societies  Several hundred urban centers along river valley  Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro  Dravidians replaced, pushed south by Indo-Europeans  Cities  Walled with rectangular road grids  Citadels  Metal work more common than in Mesopotamia and Egypt  Ecological change and systemic failure bring Indus civilization down around 1900 BCE

18. Chapter 1, Lesson 1  On page 10, write and answer questions 2, 3, and 5. Also complete all vocabulary from this section in the manner described by Mr. Ermer.