1. 1 Sustainable Planetary Surfaces Go anywhere, anytime Accessible Planetary Surface Earth’s Neighborhood A National Vision--Stepping Stones Earth and LEO

2. 2 Credits Eduardo Lopez del Castillo, Kennedy Space Center Shawn Quinn, KSC Exploration Office Berrin Tansel, Florida International University John Sager, KSC Biological Sciences Office Pete Palmer, San Francisco State University Joey H. Norikane, University of Kentucky Paul Larrat, University of Rhode Island Maynette Smith, Kennedy Space Center Darin Skelly, Kennedy Space Center Sid Clements, Appalachian State University Carlos Calle – KSC Spaceport Engineering and Technology Debits All errors and opinions are the responsibility of Robert Cook, Yamacraw Prof. of Computer Sciences Georgia Southern University

3. 3 National Spaceport Vision for Tomorrow High flight rates –Increase responsiveness –Support concurrent operations –Reduce costs Seamless integration with National Airspace System –Global coverage Nationally Interoperable –Implement standardization –Enhance flexibility & adaptability

4. 4 Cross Agency Systems of Systems

5. 5 “It is not possible for astronauts to travel to Mars without recycling their own liquids and solids.” Shower water 5.44 L/d Hand wash water 8.16 L/d Urinal flush water 1.00 L/d Average urine donation 3.00 L/d Humidity condensate 4.54 L/d Oral hygiene water 0.73 L/d TOTAL (for two) 22.9 L/d Two person crew water use (Garland et al., 2003) Closed loop water recovery system Astronaut wastewater Drinking water How much water is needed for space travel?

6. 6 Role of Bioregenerative Components in Future Life Support Short Durations Longer Durations Autonomous (early missions) Colonies Stowage and Physico-Chemical ~1-5 m 2 total ~10-25 m 2 / person ~50 m 2 / person Plant Growing Area Bioregenerative Courtesy of Ray Wheeler

7. 7 Low Pressure Testing: Mars Greenhouse

8. 8 Martian Dust Storms

9. 9 permanent gases, volatile organics, and unexpected compounds metabolic emissions material outgassing, fluid leaks, etc. biogenic emissions Ensure nominal air quality for humans Evaluate effects of accidental releases of chemicals Validate composition data from alternate sensors Evaluate efficiency of trace contaminant removal subsystems Determine presence of phytotoxic compounds SOURCES OF AIR CONTAMINANTS

10. 10 In-situ Space Resource Utilization is Enabling for Exploration Risk Reduction Expands Human Exploration & Presence Cost Reduction Mass Reduction Enables Space Commercialization Space Resource Utilization Reduces number and size of Earth launch vehicles Allows reuse of landers Increase Surface Mobility & extends missions Habitat & infrastructure construction Propellants, life support, power, etc. Reduces dependence on Earth supplied logistics Enables self-sufficiency Provides backup options & flexibility Radiation Shielding Develops material handling and processing technologies Provides infrastructure to support space commercialization Earth, Moon, & Earth-Moon space manufacturing, and product/resource development, resupply, & transportation Reduces Earth to orbit mass by 20 to 45% Estimated 300 MT/yr reduction in Earth logistics ISRU enables mass & cost efficient Near-Earth & Solar System Space Transportation ISRU enables “Accessible” & “Sustainable” planetary surface exploration of Moon & Mars

11. 11 Common Resources & Processes Support Multiple Robotic/Human Mission Destinations In-Situ Resource Utilization is not Destination Specific!! Core Building Blocks Atmosphere & Volatile Collection & Separation Regolith Processing to Extract O 2, Si, Metals Water & Carbon Dioxide Processing Fine-grained Regolith Excavation & Refining Drilling Volatile Furnaces & Fluidized Beds 0-g & Surface Cryogenic Liquefaction, Storage, & Transfer In-Situ Manufacture of Parts & Solar Cells Possible Destinations Moon Mars & Phobos Near Earth Asteroids & Extinct Comets Titan Europa Common Resources Water Moon Mars Comets Asteroids Europa Titan Triton Human Habitats Carbon Mars (atm) Asteroids Comets Titan Human Habitats Helium-3 Moon Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Metals & Oxides Moon Mars Asteroids Core Technologies -Microchannel Adsorption -Constituent Freezing -Molecular Sieves -Water Electrolysis -CO 2 Electrolysis -Sabatier Reactor -RWGS Reactor -Methane Reformer -Microchannel Chem/thermal units -Scoopers/buckets -Conveyors/augers -No fluid drilling -O 2 & Fuel Low Heatleak Tanks (0-g & reduced-g) -O 2 Feed & Transfer Lines -O 2 /Fuel Couplings -Thermal/Microwave Heaters -Heat Exchangers -Liquid Vaporizers -Carbothermal Reduction

12. 12 Modular Surface Support Equipment Multiple uses for modules that can be reconfigured Think space “LEGO”s

13. 13 Deployable Structures Applications such as: mobile field antenna towers access and handling equipment scaffolding construction of deployable storage facilities gantries stiff leg derricks other Lunar operations applications.

14. 14 Fuel Depots Surface Cryogenics and Consumables A Moon/Mars based cryogenics depot involves the same features as its earth-based analog; Storage, Distribution, and Liquefaction Experience –Cryogenic Systems Development & Ops –Insulation Systems –Storage & Distribution –Leak Detection –Umbilicals Development –Pumping LOX with Magnetic Fields –Deployable Cryo Tank & Lines –Super-insulation Research

15. 15 Jet Plume / Regolith Interactions