1. Newspaper Chairs Project #2 Introduction to Manufacturing

2. Objectives After completing this activity, students will be able to: to: State and describe some mechanical properties of different materials State and describe some mechanical properties of different materials State and describe differences and similarities of physical properties of materials State and describe differences and similarities of physical properties of materials State what the different stresses acting on your project are. State what the different stresses acting on your project are. State and demonstrate how to overcome the 4 stresses. State and demonstrate how to overcome the 4 stresses. State why recycling is so important State why recycling is so important State and describe examples of uncontrolled pollution. State and describe examples of uncontrolled pollution. State the processes involved in creating a Newspaper Chair. State the processes involved in creating a Newspaper Chair. Create a Newspaper Chair that is capable of supporting you and each of your group members for 15 seconds each. Create a Newspaper Chair that is capable of supporting you and each of your group members for 15 seconds each.

3. Content Products usually involve multiple materials. Those materials are used because of their properties and how they will hold up under various conditions. When the products are done being used they will usually get thrown and sometimes recycled. With this project you will learn about the different materials and the different types of pollution they can cause. By using something as common and recyclable as newspaper you will learn how to make chairs. Products usually involve multiple materials. Those materials are used because of their properties and how they will hold up under various conditions. When the products are done being used they will usually get thrown and sometimes recycled. With this project you will learn about the different materials and the different types of pollution they can cause. By using something as common and recyclable as newspaper you will learn how to make chairs.

4. Mechanical Properties of Materials What are some Mechanical Properties of materials? What are some Mechanical Properties of materials?Answer: There are 7 mechanical properties that have to be looked at when choosing the right material for your job or product.

5. Mechanical Properties of Materials 1. Strength- how strong a material is 2. Elasticity/Stiffness- the ability of a material to return to its shape after a force is applied to it 3. Plasticity- the ability of a material to keep a shape after being formed

6. Mechanical Properties of Materials 1. Brittleness- if the material will fracture due to stress 2. Hardness- the ability of a material to resist being cut or dented 3. Toughness- how much pressure a material can withstand before breaking 4. Fatigue- how much repeated fluctuation of stress a material can take before it breaks

7. Physical Properties of Materials There are a lot of physical properties that materials have but we are going to focus on three. a. Size- relates to Length, Width, and Depth b. Density- more dense something is the heavier (more mass) it has. c. Surface Texture- how the material feels

8. Stresses There are Four (4) different stresses that will affect your newspaper chairs. Each chair no matter how it is designed will have the same stresses on them. The chairs that work will be the chairs that can overcome the stresses by diverting the stress down the legs to the floor. There are Four (4) different stresses that will affect your newspaper chairs. Each chair no matter how it is designed will have the same stresses on them. The chairs that work will be the chairs that can overcome the stresses by diverting the stress down the legs to the floor. The Four stresses are Compression, Tension, Torsion, and Shear. The Four stresses are Compression, Tension, Torsion, and Shear. Where have you seen or been in contact with these stresses before?

9. Stresses Compression Stress is the stress caused by an object being crushed. In the case of your newspaper chairs it is the force caused when you sit on the seat and legs are being pushed down to the floor. Tension Stress is the stress caused by an object being pulled apart. On your chairs the tension will be present on the seat, arms, and back of the chair.

10. Stresses Torsion Stress is the stress caused by an object being twisted. If the legs on the chair are not structured and supported correctly your chair could twist and won’t work. Also if the legs are not constructed properly they could also twist. Shear Stress is the stress caused by an object being torn or separated. On your chairs the shear stress will be present if you don’t pack the legs correctly.

11. Stresses Even though you will have to overcome these stresses individually they are all tied into each other. This means that for every section of your chair you have all 4 stresses on it, if you ignore just one your chair will not work. These chairs if made properly are incredibly strong. There have been students weighing around 280 lbs that have sat in these chairs and they didn’t break or fall over. It is all in the design and attention to the stresses and properties of the materials.

12. Recycling Recycling is taking materials that have been previously used and adjusting their chemical properties (melting down or reshaping) so they can be reused as other products. We are going to be reusing newspaper to create chairs. These take a little while to make but in the end they are worth it. This project is meant to show you that everyday common products can be reused to create other products.

13. Pollution There are many different types of pollution that affect our world we live in. The three you will need to learn about are: 1. Air 2. Land 3. Water

14. Pollution Air Pollution- although there have been many precautions to prevent air pollution, it still exists. From automobiles to hair spray to factories, they all have their share in air pollution. Factories create the materials we use, like automobiles or hair spray, but at a cost Air Pollution- although there have been many precautions to prevent air pollution, it still exists. From automobiles to hair spray to factories, they all have their share in air pollution. Factories create the materials we use, like automobiles or hair spray, but at a cost

15. Pollution Land Pollution- Garbage, or organic waste, has potential as an energy source. As waste in landfills breaks down, it releases a gas called methane into the air. When collected and burned, methane can be used to heat water and make electricity. About 16% of the 870 million tons of refuse produced in the United States each year could easily be converted into fuel providing the equivalent of 150 million barrels of oil. Garbage can also be converted into fertilizer and soil conditioner through composting. Land Pollution- Garbage, or organic waste, has potential as an energy source. As waste in landfills breaks down, it releases a gas called methane into the air. When collected and burned, methane can be used to heat water and make electricity. About 16% of the 870 million tons of refuse produced in the United States each year could easily be converted into fuel providing the equivalent of 150 million barrels of oil. Garbage can also be converted into fertilizer and soil conditioner through composting.

16. Pollution Water Pollution- some of the garbage that is created ends up the ocean. Six pack plastic holders end up around fish’s bodies, oil ends up killing seals or ducks, or chemicals in the water end up deforming or hurting whomever drinks them because they don’t know. Water Pollution- some of the garbage that is created ends up the ocean. Six pack plastic holders end up around fish’s bodies, oil ends up killing seals or ducks, or chemicals in the water end up deforming or hurting whomever drinks them because they don’t know.

17. Mistake Proofing When constructing the legs of the chairs, be sure to check how tight you are packing the legs. Every once in a while squeeze the outside of the leg at various spots to ensure little to no give, which is our Acceptable Quality Level (AQL). When constructing the legs of the chairs, be sure to check how tight you are packing the legs. Every once in a while squeeze the outside of the leg at various spots to ensure little to no give, which is our Acceptable Quality Level (AQL). Also, be sure to push down on the leg, testing is compression rate. The leg should not flex at all. Also, be sure to push down on the leg, testing is compression rate. The leg should not flex at all.

18. Materials NO MAGAZINES OR FLYERS NO MAGAZINES OR FLYERS Newspaper Newspaper Masking Tape, any size Masking Tape, any size I will provide 2 rolls per group, if you need more rolls you are responsible for bringing them in. I will provide 2 rolls per group, if you need more rolls you are responsible for bringing them in.

19. Challenge Each group of 2 students will design, sketch, and construct a Newspaper Chair in the Construction Lab. The Sketches are random ideas of your thoughts but there should be a minimum of 4. From those 4 sketches select 1, draw it in detail using a ruler and straight lines (no freehand drawing). Be sure to include dimensions on your Initial Drawings. We will then draw it using CAD to see if your measurements line up. When the project is complete you will be required to complete the evaluation form and do a Final Drawing. The Final Drawing compares what your Newspaper Chair ended up looking like (again, no freehand drawing, use rulers) to what you drew for your Initial Drawing and CAD drawing. Your grade is broken down into 3 parts, be sure to see the Evaluation part for further explanation. Each group of 2 students will design, sketch, and construct a Newspaper Chair in the Construction Lab. The Sketches are random ideas of your thoughts but there should be a minimum of 4. From those 4 sketches select 1, draw it in detail using a ruler and straight lines (no freehand drawing). Be sure to include dimensions on your Initial Drawings. We will then draw it using CAD to see if your measurements line up. When the project is complete you will be required to complete the evaluation form and do a Final Drawing. The Final Drawing compares what your Newspaper Chair ended up looking like (again, no freehand drawing, use rulers) to what you drew for your Initial Drawing and CAD drawing. Your grade is broken down into 3 parts, be sure to see the Evaluation part for further explanation.

20. Challenge Your grade for part 1 depends on how close to your Initial Drawing you constructed your Newspaper Chair. The closer it resembles your Initial Drawing, the better your grade will be. The more changes you make or extra pieces you add the lower your grade will be. There are many ways to accomplish this task and you will have to keep a steady working pace to ensure that the chairs are done on time. Part 2 is that the Newspaper chair must hold the weight of each member of the group and Mr. Bogen, the vice principal. The chair must have 4 legs, a back to it, and arm rests. The legs must be the height of the newspapers when they are open in reading position (about 2 to 2.5 feet long). The back can be designed to your liking but must be a minimum of 18” high with arm rests that are a minimum of 8” high. The armrests don’t have to be tied into the back but it is a good idea to rely on the armrests to hold that back up. Your grade for part 1 depends on how close to your Initial Drawing you constructed your Newspaper Chair. The closer it resembles your Initial Drawing, the better your grade will be. The more changes you make or extra pieces you add the lower your grade will be. There are many ways to accomplish this task and you will have to keep a steady working pace to ensure that the chairs are done on time. Part 2 is that the Newspaper chair must hold the weight of each member of the group and Mr. Bogen, the vice principal. The chair must have 4 legs, a back to it, and arm rests. The legs must be the height of the newspapers when they are open in reading position (about 2 to 2.5 feet long). The back can be designed to your liking but must be a minimum of 18” high with arm rests that are a minimum of 8” high. The armrests don’t have to be tied into the back but it is a good idea to rely on the armrests to hold that back up.

21. Challenge Your seat can look like anything you wish but must be a covered area, no open style seats where people can fall through. The seats must be ON TOP of the legs so you rely on the strength of the legs to carry the weight of you. The chair must be solid which means that you cannot rely on leaning or balancing your chair to get it to work. The chair must be made using only newspaper and masking tape, no exceptions. You don’t need a lot of tape to do this project, so I am giving you 2 rolls of masking tape per group. If you need more tape you must bring it in from home and can bring in as many rolls as possible. We will be weighing these projects and part 3 of your grade depends on how light you can make the chairs. The idea is to make the strongest and lightest newspaper chair. The lighter the chair the better the grade IF IT HOLDS. It should be less than 30 lbs when done.

22. Challenge A hint is to make your chair work first, and then start to slowly remove layers of paper until you feel you can’t without it breaking down. All work to this project must be done in class. You cannot bring this project home to work on it unless I give you permission. I do retain the right to change any aspect of this project at any time if I find that the effort going into the project is less than adequate. I expect more than the minimum on this project. Before construction can be done on this project you must first sketch the chair complete with arms and a back. Good luck.

23. Procedures Brainstorm ideas and sketch 4 of them onto 2 pieces of paper Brainstorm ideas and sketch 4 of them onto 2 pieces of paper Choose a design that you like the best, draw an initial drawing of it with dimensions Choose a design that you like the best, draw an initial drawing of it with dimensions Use the supplied materials to create the Newspaper Chair Use the supplied materials to create the Newspaper Chair Finish the Newspaper Chair using a filler and any color paint you choose or vinyl Finish the Newspaper Chair using a filler and any color paint you choose or vinyl

24. Evaluation Sketches and Initial Drawings are a separate grade worth 100 points Sketches and Initial Drawings are a separate grade worth 100 points There is a final drawing and an reflective worksheet that counts as a separate grade of 100 points There is a final drawing and an reflective worksheet that counts as a separate grade of 100 points See Attached Rubric See Attached Rubric Remember that there is no fooling around in the lab Remember that there is no fooling around in the lab Always wear your safety glasses or you will be removed from class Always wear your safety glasses or you will be removed from class

25. Evaluation Project works repeatedly and is sturdy Project works repeatedly and is sturdy Project is lighter than 45 lbs Project is lighter than 45 lbs Project held both group members and Mr. Bogen successfully with no balancing Project held both group members and Mr. Bogen successfully with no balancing Project resembled the Initial Drawing Project resembled the Initial Drawing Student shows above average effort Student shows above average effort Student shows above average safety skills Student shows above average safety skills 100 Points

26. Evaluation Project works sometimes and is somewhat sturdy Project works sometimes and is somewhat sturdy Project is lighter than 60 lbs. Project is lighter than 60 lbs. Project held both group members and Mr. Bogen successfully with no balancing Project held both group members and Mr. Bogen successfully with no balancing Project somewhat resembled the Initial Drawing with minimal changes Project somewhat resembled the Initial Drawing with minimal changes Student shows average effort Student shows average effort Student shows average safety skills Student shows average safety skills 75 points

27. Evaluation Project works sometimes Project works sometimes Project has a latching mechanism that works sometimes Project has a latching mechanism that works sometimes Project launches a baseball forwards less than 30 feet and not into the box Project launches a baseball forwards less than 30 feet and not into the box Project looks like Initial Drawing with exceptional to moderate changes Project looks like Initial Drawing with exceptional to moderate changes Student shows moderate effort Student shows moderate effort Student not allowed in class if not demonstrating proper safety skills Student not allowed in class if not demonstrating proper safety skills 50 points

28. Evaluation Project does not work Project does not work Project does not have latching mechanism Project does not have latching mechanism Project doesn’t launch baseball Project doesn’t launch baseball Project does not look like drawing at all Project does not look like drawing at all Student shows no effort Student shows no effort Student not allowed in class if not demonstrating proper safety skills Student not allowed in class if not demonstrating proper safety skills 0 points

29. Lewis S. Mills High School Mission Statement Lewis S. Mills High School Mission Statement The mission of Lewis S. Mills High School is to foster academic excellence, personal growth, and respect for diversity. Within a safe learning environment, we share the collective responsibility with students, parents, and the community to cultivate the skills, knowledge and attitudes that help our students to realize their full potential as learners and responsible citizens, and to experience success beyond high school. The mission of Lewis S. Mills High School is to foster academic excellence, personal growth, and respect for diversity. Within a safe learning environment, we share the collective responsibility with students, parents, and the community to cultivate the skills, knowledge and attitudes that help our students to realize their full potential as learners and responsible citizens, and to experience success beyond high school. Student Performance Expectations: Student Performance Expectations: 1. The LSM graduate comprehends written, visual, and auditory texts and communicates with clarity in a variety of modes. 1. The LSM graduate comprehends written, visual, and auditory texts and communicates with clarity in a variety of modes. 2. The LSM graduate effectively employs critical thinking in the problem solving process. 2. The LSM graduate effectively employs critical thinking in the problem solving process.

30. 3. The LSM graduate demonstrates effective use of information and technology to enhance learning. 3. The LSM graduate demonstrates effective use of information and technology to enhance learning. 4. The LSM graduate demonstrates knowledge and skills to improve personal wellness. 4. The LSM graduate demonstrates knowledge and skills to improve personal wellness. 5. The LSM graduate acquires and applies knowledge within and across the curriculum to develop a global perspective. 5. The LSM graduate acquires and applies knowledge within and across the curriculum to develop a global perspective. 6. The LSM graduate is a responsible member of the community demonstrating respect for self and others. 6. The LSM graduate is a responsible member of the community demonstrating respect for self and others. 7. The LSM graduate demonstrates ethical behavior and assumes responsibility for his/her actions. 7. The LSM graduate demonstrates ethical behavior and assumes responsibility for his/her actions. 8. The LSM graduate is aware of the importance of the arts in expressing the human experience. 8. The LSM graduate is aware of the importance of the arts in expressing the human experience.