1. Chapter 9
Mood Disorders

2. Symptoms of Depression
Cognitive
Poor concentration, indecisiveness, poor self-esteem, hopelessness, suicidal thoughts, delusions
Physiological and Behavioral
Sleep or appetite disturbances, psychomotor problems, catatonia, fatigue, loss of memory
Emotional
Sadness, depressed mood, anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities), irritability

3. 5 or more symptoms including sadness or loss of interest or pleasure
Major Depression
Dysthymic Disorder
5 or more symptoms including sadness or loss of interest or pleasure
3 or more symptoms including depressed mood
At least 2 weeks in duration
At least 2 years in duration
Number of symptoms
Duration

4. Subtypes of Depression
Depression with Melancholic Features
Depression with Psychotic Features
Depression with Catatonic Features
Depression with Atypical Features
Depression with Postpartum Onset
Depression with Seasonal Patterns

5. Prevalence and Prognosis
Among adults, 15-to-24-year olds are most likely to have had a major depressive episode in the past month.
Depression is less common among children than among adults.
Depression may be most likely to leave psychological and social scars if it occurs initially during childhood, rather than during adulthood.

6. Biological Theories of Mood Disorders
Genetic Theory
Disordered genes predispose people to depression or bipolar disorder
Neurotransmitter Theories
Dysregulation of neurotransmitters and their receptors
Neurophysiological Abnormalities
Altered brain-wave activities affect mood
Neuroendocrine Abnormalities
Chronic hyperactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and slow return to baseline after stressor, affect the functioning of neurotransmitters.

7. Biological Theories Neurotransmitter theories Genetic Theory
Disordered genes predispose people to depression or bipolar disorder
Dysregulation of neurotransmitters and their receptors
Neuroendocrine abnormalities
Neurophysiological abnormalities
Chronic hyperactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and slow return to baseline after stressor affect the functioning of neurotransmitters.
Altered brain-wave activities affect mood

8. Risk of Bipolar Disorder
Percent with bipolar disorder

9. Psychological Theories of Mood Disorders
Behavioral Theories
Lewinsohn’s theory
Learned helplessness theory
Cognitive Theories
Aaron Beck’s theory
Reformulated learned helplessness theory
Ruminative response styles theory
Psychodynamic Theory
Interpersonal Theories

10. Integrative Theory of DepressionC
Reduced rate of positive reinforcement and/or elevated rate of aversive experience D
Increased self-awareness (state): focus on oneself self-criticism negative expectancies B
Disruption of “scripted” or automatic behavior patterns and/or immediate emotional response E
Increased dysphoria/
depression A
Antecedents: depression evoking events G
Predisposing characteristics: vulnerabilities immunities F
Consequences: behavioral cognitive emotional somatic interpersonal

11. Biological Treatments for Mood Disorders
Medication
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Vagus nerve stimulation
Light therapy

12. Psychological Treatments for Depression
Behavioral Therapy
Increase positive reinforcers and decrease aversive events by teaching the person new skills for managing interpersonal situations and the environment
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Challenge distorted thinking and help the person learn more adaptive ways of thinking and new behavioral skills
Psychodynamic Therapy
Help the person gain insight to unconscious hostility and fears of abandonment to facilitate change in self-concept and behaviors