9. *p<0.05 compared to no ZDV prophylaxis Wade et al, NEJM, 339:20, 11/12/98; 1409-1414.

12. NYS Survey of Childbearing Women HIV Prevalence by Year of Delivery: 1988 - 2001 Since 1990, there has been a 60% decline in the number of HIV-infected women giving birth in NYS (1,898 in 1990 to 758 in 2001) Source: New York State Perinatal HIV Surveillance Program

14. Trends Among HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Source: New York State Perinatal HIV Surveillance Program

21. Lessons Learned So Far In the Prenatal Setting: Mainstreaming HIV C&T into prenatal care is key! It is important for the MD to reinforce the benefits of early prenatal HIV testing. Approach the patient early (first prenatal visit) so that blood specimen can be drawn with other prenatal tests. Later in pregnancy, assess the need to retest (based on risk).

22. Lessons Learned So Far In the Obstetrical Setting: Encourage feeder clinics/private practitioners to transfer prenatal records to labor and delivery (L&D) at a designated point in time (e.g., at 28 weeks) Encourage the use of a summary sheet with a prominent location for documentation of prenatal HIV status (documentation must include the date of prenatal testing along with a test result). Conduct HIV test history assessment when the woman presents in L&D

23. Lessons Learned So Far In the Obstetrical Setting (cont’d): Counsel and encourage expedited testing for those with no HIV test documentation (the message is important!) Remember the goal of early ART – to begin during the intrapartum period if at all possible Keep a log of expedited tests done. Note: are the patients primarily walk-ins, or are they in the care of a particular clinic or private practitioner?

24. Lessons Learned So Far Strategies to Overcome Barriers Conduct needs assessment to identify barriers unique to your facility. Focus on issues of concern. Use continuing quality improvement strategies to address barriers identified (inservice seminars, grand rounds, record keeping). Still have questions? Call Regulatory Unit Staff – Sheila Hackel or Ellen Kowalski at 518-486-6048.

33. Rapid HIV Testing - Option 1 A laboratory that does not already hold a permit in the HIV testing category must apply to CLEP to add the testing category and: Validate the method,train users; Develop QA protocols and follow NYS Laboratory Standards for QC; Participate in an expedited proficiency testing and on-site survey process.

34. Rapid HIV Testing - Option 2 Now that there is a rapid HIV test (OraQuick  ) available as a CLIA-waived product, birth facilities can apply to CLEP to register the labor and delivery suite or other area as a Limited Testing Site, and perform the test independently of the main laboratory.

35. Rapid HIV Testing - Option 2 Facilities that choose to perform the OraQuick  test under a Limited Testing Site Registration must apply to CLEP and: Train users, develop QA protocols, and follow the manufacturer’s requirement for QC; No proficiency test or on-site survey is required.

36. Rapid testing in Labor and Delivery Stephen Nicholas, M.D. Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City Director of Pediatrics, Harlem Hospital Center

37. Since 1999, New York State has had mandatory “expedited testing” Currently, results of the expedited HIV screening test must be available within 48 hours after the specimen is collected Rapid testing in Labor and Delivery

38. At present the median time at which HIV- exposed babies found by rapid testing start ARV prophylaxis is 22.5 hours of life Rapid testing in Labor and Delivery

39. Most “expedited testing” sites are not open 24 hours a day--the tests are often batched and have been delayed for as long as 127 hours after birth Rapid testing in Labor and Delivery

40. Antiretroviral prophylaxis before birth (ZDV or Nevirapine) Schedule Cesarean Section (if the mother is not yet in labor) Decisions about breast or bottle feeding Interventions

41. OraQuick

42. FDA-approved November 7, 2002 for use with fingerstick whole blood specimens

43. Obtain fingerstick blood specimen

44. Similar loop is used with several rapid tests

45. Insert loop into vial and stir

46. Test develops in 20 minutes

47. PositiveNegative Reactive Control Positive HIV-1/2 Read results

48. OraQuick  Test Performance Sensitivity99.6% Specificity100% Source: OraSure Technologies, OraQuick  Package Insert 4/03

49. Perinatal Screening: The CDC- Sponsored “MIRIAD Study” Testing of pregnant women in labor for whom no HIV test results are available; 12 hospitals in 5 cities: Atlanta, Chicago, Miami, New Orleans, New York

50. 1771 women screened 12 new HIV infections identified No false positives, no false negatives Perinatal Screening: MIRIAD Study

51. MIRIAD study: Chicago site 4 participating hospitals 3 did point-of-care testing, 1 did laboratory-based testing (on heparinized whole blood) 453 women were tested

52. Bethany Hospital Rapid test performed on Labor and Delivery unit. Eligible patients are determined here in the Labor and Delivery Triage area.

53. The rapid test is done on this counter, extra supplies are stored below. OB physicians and Midwives share MIRIAD testing at Provident. Provident Hospital

54. Cook County Hospital Clerks on each shift access HIV results from the computer system. Eligible patients are offered rapid testing and consented in the Triage area.

56. Out of sight out of mind (when sent to lab) Shift change Patient sleeping Getting blood to the laboratory and getting result back Reasons for Delay in Delivering Rapid Test Results

57. Turn-around time for results MedianRange Point-of-Care45 minutes20 – 120 minutes Laboratory- based 120 minutes75 minutes – >300 minutes

58. Positive reactions because: Using a test that allowed getting results to the patients rapidly and allowed intervention Being able to complete the test themselves Feeling that they personally made a difference in the patient’s care Hospital Staff Reaction

59. Summary of MIRIAD Chicago L&D staff can be trained to perform onsite rapid testing and then offer peripartum antiretroviral prophylaxis that can further reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the U.S.