1. Designing a Literacy Lesson: Explicit Strategy Instruction, Independent Practice, and Diverse Response Activities

2. Objectives Review Cornett’s Seven Main Literacy Events Describe the important instructional routines included in explicit strategy instruction (with framework for modeling the what, why, and how of strategy use) Introduce the Lesson Plan Assignment Review the Homework Assignment

3. Moving through the semester with your graphic organizer 3 of 8 Big Ideas about teaching comprehension and response in elementary school

4. What do you notice about how we’ve spent 1/3 of our semester? WHY??? ???????? ??????????

5. 7 Main Literacy Events (according to Cornett) Opening Literacy Routines Interactive Read Aloud (IRA) Daily Engaged Independent Reading (DEIR) Small Group/Independent Work Writing Workshop Embedded Comprehension Instruction in content areas Performances and Exhibits

6. Which of these are non-negotiable? Interactive read-aloud/think-aloud Small group instruction/independent work Independent reading (engaged and purposeful) Writing (does not have to be writing workshop) Embedding comprehension instruction in content areas

7. What about the other ones? Opening Literacy Routines (OLR) –We always have routines to both organize instruction and prepare students for the day’s learning. The instruction does not have to be singing/chanting, etc., as in Cornett’s examples Performance and Exhibits –It is always a good idea to allow students to showcase their work, but there are more ways to do this than presented in your text, and their focus is not always on comprehension (e.g. may be focused on writing)

8. So, where does Explicit Teaching fit in? And what does it look like?

9. Explicit Teaching Explicit: Clear, detailed, and obvious (reading is a process and sometimes it’s hard work) Implicit: Implied or hidden (reading is a mystery…) Noticing Good Teaching (p. 120-123) MODEL (what, why, & how) –DEFINE: (WHAT) label the strategy and define in kid terms –EXPLAIN: (EXPLAIN WHY) why is it useful and when (EXPLAIN HOW) Think-aloud: How do you do this? Make your inner voice explicit and obvious. SCAFFOLDED PRACTICE (I do, we do, you do, redo)

10. This modeling touches on all three types of strategic knowledge DEFINE: (WHAT) label the strategy and define in kid terms > DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE EXPLAIN: –(WHY) why is it useful and when CONDITIONAL KNOWLEDGE –(HOW) Think-aloud: How do you do this? Make your inner voice explicit and obvious. PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE

11. Example of Explicit Strategy Instruction: Classroom Snapshot Ch. 5 (p. 119-123) MODEL (what, why, & how) > gradually release –Define What: Today we’re going to learn about another ‘during reading’ strategy called Image. Image starts just like a word you know: imagination. It means to make pictures in your heads. –Explain Why: Good readers make images to help connect with characters and to make reading more interesting. –Explain How: Let me show you how. When I read dog, I make an image in my head of a dog…reddish fur…silky…so big…floppy ears…brown eyes… Notice how I was thinking as I visualized…what were the visual images I made in my head? Call attention to the chart (color, line, shape, size, texture, smell) –Model again with another example (cat) and walk children through the categories of visual elements. –Try another word – this time with a partner (but in group). I DO WE DO

12. Another example of Modeling Phase of Explicit Strategy Instruction MODEL Analyze Strategy (what, why, & how) –Define What: To analyze something is to zoom in and examine its parts very closely and then zoom out to see how everything fits together –Explain Why: In a story, zooming in on the main character’s problems at the beginning and how they are resolved at the end can help you better understand the author’s theme. –Explain How: Let me think-aloud as we revisit Chapter 3…, Chapter 5…and Chapter 9 to zoom in and notice the problem and how the main character deals with the problem. Let’s see how his actions begin to change across the chapters in a way that highlights a message the author is trying to send us about how people deal with the challenges life presents.…(use boxes and chart the problems each chapter….)

13. Interactive Read-Aloud

14. After Modeling, Scaffolded Practice I DO (MODEL = define and explain, then give a think-aloud example or two) WE DO = scaffolded group practice with teacher coaching, listening, offering suggestions, asking questions, cueing, more examples, descriptive feedback YOU DO = scaffolded independent practice with coached directions and then try yourself (with peers, partner, alone) and then questions, cues, feedback RE DO = cued independent use/debriefing (reminder to use strategy elsewhere during the day)

15. Key Principles of Strategy Instruction Teach strategies at all ages and stages (young children are capable of using 4-5 strategies at the same time) Teach a repertoire of strategies (Strategy Packs – p. 35 in your text) RT, QAR, CORI, QtA, etc. Differentiate: vary instruction to “make skillful adjustments to learner characteristics” (all those things we noted in the LEAD21 series… PARTICULAR)

16. Resources to Support Your Strategy Instruction Cornett Chapter 2, p. 128-132, and Appendix B Your strategy assessment assignment Article by Cathy Collins Block about “Think- Aloud Models” for each strategy (see wiki) Chapter by Jan Richardson about differentiating strategies with “literal, interpretive, and evaluative” levels of thinking for each strategy (see wiki)

17. Where does explicit strategy instruction fit into a literacy lesson?

18. Modeling Strategy Use Where is think-aloud in the process? THINK-ALOUD SCRIPT part of… I DO: Model/Think Aloud –Introduce, Explain, and Define Strategy Components –Notice and apply strategy components –Clarify strategy purpose before send off to practice WE DO (small group practice) YOU DO (peer/independent practice in center work or seatwork) RE DO (apply later in the day in other readings and content area studies) LESSON PLAN

19. Model, think-aloud, and SCAFFOLD your strategy support Promote Independence by Gradually releasing Responsibility I DO YOU WATCH WE DO I DO YOU HELP YOU DO I HELP YOU DO RE DO

20. What about Guided Reading? We hear the term guided reading, what does that mean? –The teacher works with a small group of students and « guides » them through the reading process. –Usually, students are reading books that are appropriate to their reading level, rather than everyone reading the same book –Focuses on problem solving (difficult words, structure, comprehension) teaching students how to monitor their reading and adjust when necessary

21. Guided Reading Across the Grade Levels K-1: Concepts of print; early phonics (letter- sound relationships); intro to genres Grades 2-3: Integrating reading comprehension and vocabulary strategies across multiple genres Grade 4-6: Deeper understanding of story elements (plot, characters, theme) & informational texts (key ideas and supporting details)

22. Where does Guided Reading fit into a balanced literacy program? Whole Group (Read Aloud/Shared Reading): experience literary work they cannot yet decode and participate in higher level text discussions GUIDED READING (Modeling > Practice with books at their reading level) Independent Reading: Center Activities / Response Journals/Discussion Circles: Revisit & think more deeply about text and co-construct new understanding

23. A guided reading lesson Pre-reading (activate background knowledge, introduce challenging concepts, set purpose) During reading (read at instructional level for a purpose with support; silent/oral reading combined with individualized support) Post-reading (respond to text and apply strategies more independently – with partners or alone)

24. What happens during guided reading? TEACHER’s role Before: Select appropriate text; introduce (activate background knowledge & introduce challenging vocab, ideas, themes); Set a purpose for reading During: Listens in; observes strategy use; interacts when having difficulty; teaches a mini- lesson that addresses challenge; makes notes After : Invites personal response/discussion, assesses understanding of what is read

25. What happens during guided reading? STUDENT’s role Before: Engage in conversation about text; ask questions; build expectations; notice info in text During: read the whole text or a certain section for a certain purpose (silently or softly when younger); NOT ROUND ROBIN! monitor understanding & apply strategies/request help when problem solving After : Talk about text; revisit the text; engage in extending and responding to the text (reading and writing)

26. How does guided reading differ from reading workshop? Reading workshop usually means that students are reading a book at their level (you might hear something like “a just right book for every student all the time”) The teacher usually instructs the whole group via a “mini- lesson” before students read As students read, the teacher serves as a facilitator, checking in with students and instructing when needed Students usually keep some record of their reading (a journal perhaps) and have the opportunity to discuss their text with others (who did not read it )

27. What about a basal program? A “basal reading program” sometimes called a “core reading program” is a series of student anthologies and teacher’s editions that move sequentially through skills and strategies In most basal programs, students are reading the same text at the same time In small groups, students may then be reading a different text (easier or harder)

28. What happens in guided reading? Before ReadingDuring ReadingAfter Reading TeacherSelects an appropriate text (instructional level— supportive, but students will need some scaffolding) Introduces the text Leaves some questions to be answered through reading “listens in” as students reading Observes reading behaviors Assists students with areas of difficulty Takes notes on strategy use, word solving, etc. Discusses text with students Invites response Returns to text for one or two teaching opportunities (e.g. finding evidence, discussing problem solving (for words or comp) Assesses understanding Possibly engages students in extending the text StudentsEngage in talk about the text Raise questions Build expectations Notice information Reading whole or part of text (softly or silently) Request help when needed Discuss the text Check predictions/react personally Revisit text to problem solve May re-read (to partner or independently) Extend text

29. What Is Guided Reading? Small group time when teachers show children how to read and support them as they read “independently” The heart of a balanced literacy program –Opportunity for students to participate in socially supported activity while constructing meaning –Opportunity to practice/develop reading strategies and tackle books at their “instructional level” –Opportunity for teachers to observe and support individual needs

30. Lesson Plan Assignment Let’s look at Sample Lesson Plan Lesson Plan Assignment Handout Lesson Plan Template Questions??

31. Writing Learning Objectives for your Lesson Plans

32. Three Criteria for a Learning Objective Clear –Usually just one sentence Precise –Precise verbs that reflect the thinking your students will be doing –Set a context (Given…; After…; Before…) Measurable –How will you measure the “quality” (%age or criteria met) –Start with the top level and work backwards through average and below average

33. Writing Learning Objectives Given _____, students will _____ (verb and specifics) with (measurable) ____ % accuracy or to a certain level Reading Process: What strategy will students apply as they interact with this text? Response: How will students respond to the deeper meaning within the text? (theme, character development)

34. Examples Students will use a three-column “prediction journal” to make and revise at least two meaningful predictions in chapters 43 & 44 and state the clues they used to make those predictions. Students will use a “Character Summary” worksheet to describe the personality and physical attributes of an assigned character as well as his/her relationship with Maniac Magee and his/her feelings toward racial segregation.

35. Reading strategy objectives The student will –Predict and confirm –Summarize the key issues –Monitor their understanding –Ask questions/reflect –Show the relationship between concepts –Make inferences and support with evidence –Draw conclusions –Make connections between –Visualize Use your Cornett text and handouts for examples and ideas

36. Reading Response Objectives Discuss change/growth in character Respond to/reflect on “big ideas” or optimistic message Respond by connecting to… Noticing author’s craft (plot, language, etc.) Extend with interdisciplinary connections (art, poetry, drama, Internet workshop, journaling) See Cornett Ch. 9 for other response ideas! Use your textbook for examples and ideas

37. Homework Thursday: Book Activity 3 (Cinderella Pre- Class Activities – bring to class with book) For Tuesday, October 20: –Finish Post-Class reflection for Book Activity 3 (about 30 minutes) –Read Magic Treehouse (about one hour) –Book Activity 4 (Five Minute Strategy Script from Magic Treehouse) (one hour)