1. Research challenges faced The Agent-based modelling framework required the following features: –Ability to run many millions of complex agents –Should run on any supercomputer or desktop (Linux, Mac, Windows) –Allows economists to design models with no knowledge of programming –Strong testing techniques to assure quality – most large scientific software has serious bugs [Hatton 1997] –Ability to combine different models sharing agents in a coherent and correct way

2. Basic philosophy of FLAME Agents defined as communicating X-machines –X-machine concept introduced by Eilenberg [1974] and then ignored until recently General computational model Intuitive and easy to use in many different applications –Economics, biology, management, sociology Messages sent to message boards Agents are distributed across processors using new techniques Efficient implementation utilises the available hardware – serial or parallel

3. What agents do? They have a memory – it contains their identity, location, other information such as their assets, employment state etc. They have a state which determines what they can do next They can read messages sent to them They can write messages to other agents They can carry out other operations if these are permitted – accept job offer, buy shares, apply for credit etc.

4. The X-machine

5. FLAME Block Diagram X parser files Xparser.e xe Model.xml Functions.c 1-N Xml files 1-N Xml files Main.exe 0.xml make Libmboard Your files Xparser files

6. How do you define agents? Use XMML – e.g. etc.

7. Firm in labour market – state table

8. A firm’s functions Firm send vacancies. If additional workers are needed the firm sends vacancies messages –especially the different wage offers for the different general skill groups. Firm send redundancies. If the firm wants to decrease the workforce it sends redundancies. Firm idle. Firm does nothing. Firm reads job applications sends job offer or rejection. Firm reads the application, ranks the applicants according to their general and specific skills and sends as many job offers to the first ranked applicants as the firm has vacancies to fill. The other applicants are refused. Firm read job responses. The firm reads the responses to their job offers and updates the number of employees and the number of vacancies.

9. Firm messages

11. Parallel implementation Parallel agents grouped on parallel nodes. Messages synchronised Message board library allows both serial and parallel versions to work Implementation details hidden from modellers System automatically manages the simulation

12. C. Greenhough, D. Worth