1. Introduction To Wireless Sensor Networks
By : Prof.Manoj Kavedia
SHMIT-Unr-3

2. Introduction
Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that consists of sensors which are distributed in an ad hoc manner.
These sensors work with each other to sense some physical phenomenon and then the information gathered is processed to get relevant results.
Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols and algorithms with self-organizing capabilities.

3. Wireless Sensor Networks
A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network. Each node consists of processing capability may contain multiple types of memory have an RF transceiver, have a power source (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and accommodate various sensors.

4. Example

5. Example- Smart Fluid Level Detection
Integrates several technologies:
Radio transmissions
Sensor technology
Magnetic inductance for power
Computer used for calibration
Impossible without the computer
Meaningless without the electronics
Capacitive sensor for fluid level
8-bit processor
Contact less transmission of power and readings
Inductive coil for RF ID activation & power
CPU and reading coil in the table. Reports the level of fluid in the glass, alerts servers when close to empty
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6. Wireless Sensor Networks

7. Layout

8. Communication Network
A communication network is composed of nodes, each of which has computing power and can transmit and receive messages over communication links, wireless or cabled.

9. Basic Network Topologies
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Bus Topology
Tree Topology
Fully Connected Networks
Mesh Networks

10. Star Topology
All nodes of the star topology are connected to a single hub node. The hub requires greater message handling, routing, and decision-making capabilities than the other nodes. If a communication link is cut, it only affects one node. However, if the hub is incapacitated the network is destroyed.

11. Ring Topology
In the ring topology all nodes perform the same function and there is no leader node. Messages generally travel around the ring in a single direction.
However, if the ring is cut, all communication is lost.

12. Bus Topology
In the bus topology, messages are broadcast on the bus to all nodes. Each node checks the destination address in the message header, and processes the messages addressed to it.

13. Tree Topology
In Tree Topology there will be a root node and the root node has two branches. Each branch may again contains branches and so on.

14. Fully-connected Network
In a fully connected Network when additional nodes are added, the number of links increases exponentially.

15. Mesh Network
Mesh networks are regularly distributed networks that generally allow transmission only to a node’s nearest neighbors. The nodes in these networks are generally identical.
Mesh nets can be good models for large-scale networks of wireless sensors that are distributed over a geographic region.

16. Communication Network
continue …
A single network may consist of several interconnected subnets of different topologies. Networks are further classified as Local Area Networks (LAN), e.g. inside one building, or Wide Area Networks (WAN), e.g. between buildings.

17. Wireless Sensor Networks
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations.

18. Wireless Sensor Networks
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The development of wireless sensor networks was originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. However, wireless sensor networks are now used in many civilian application areas, including environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation, and traffic control.

19. Sensor Node
Networks of typically small, battery-powered, wireless devices.
On-board processing,
Communication, and
Sensing capabilities.
Sensors
Processor
Radio
Storage P O W E R
WSN device schematics

20. Sensor Node
continue …
In addition to one or more sensors, each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with a radio transceiver or other wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, and an energy source, usually a battery.
Sensors
Processor
Radio
Storage P O W E R
WSN device schematics

21. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
What are motes?
Motes mainly consist of three parts:-
Mote basically consists of a low cost and power computer.
The computer monitors one or more sensors. Sensors may be for temperature, light, sound, position, acceleration, vibration, stress, weight, pressure, humidity, etc.
The computer connects to the outside world with a radio link. 21
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 21

22. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Mica 2 Motes
These motes sold by Crossbow were originally developed at the University of California Berkeley.
The MICA2 motes are based on the ATmega128L AVR microprocessor. The motes run using TinyOS as the operating system.
Mica2 mote is one of the most popular and commercially available sensors which are marketed by CrossBow technologies.
MICA 2 MOTE
Ref: 22
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 22

23. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Telosb Motes
Telosb motes have USB programming capability
An IEEE compliant, high data rate radio with integrated antenna, a low-power MCU
There are also equipped with extended memory and an optional sensor suite 23
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 23

24. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
What are motes?
Motes mainly consist of three parts:-
Mote basically consists of a low cost and power computer.
The computer monitors one or more sensors. Sensors may be for temperature, light, sound, position, acceleration, vibration, stress, weight, pressure, humidity, etc.
The computer connects to the outside world with a radio link. 24
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 24

25. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Mica 2 Motes
These motes sold by Crossbow were originally developed at the University of California Berkeley.
The MICA2 motes are based on the ATmega128L AVR microprocessor. The motes run using TinyOS as the operating system.
Mica2 mote is one of the most popular and commercially available sensors which are marketed by CrossBow technologies.
MICA 2 MOTE
Ref: 25
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 25

26. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Telosb Motes
Telosb motes have USB programming capability
An IEEE compliant, high data rate radio with integrated antenna, a low-power MCU
There are also equipped with extended memory and an optional sensor suite 26
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 26

27. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
TELOSB MOTE
Ref: 27
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

28. One Example Sensor Board - MTS31028
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 28

29. One More Example of Sensor Board - MTS400/420
Besides the functions of MTS 300, it mainly adds GPS functionality
Further Reading 29
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 29

30. Hardware Setup Overview30
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 30

31. Programming Board (MIB520)31
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 31

32. One Proposed WSN Functional Layer Decomposition
Ref: Fig. 1.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation 32
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 32

33. Architecture to Build WSN Applications
Ref: Fig. 2.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation 33
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 33

34. Sensor Node
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35. Sensor Node
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36. Sensor Network Mote Antenna Server
Interface electronics, radio and microcontroller
Soil moisture probe
Mote
Antenna
Server
Sensor field
Communications barrier
Gateway
Internet

37. Computer Revolution Original IBM PC (1981) MICAZ Mote (2005) 4.77 MHz
KB RAM
128 KB RAM
160 KB Floppies
512 KB Flash
~ $6K (today)
~ $35
~ 64 W
~14 mW
25 lb, 19.5 x 5.5 x 16 inch
0.5 oz, 2.25 x 1.25 x 0.25 inch

38. Sensor Network
Server
Watershed
Sensor field
Gateway
Internet

39. Network Model for WSN
A wireless sensor network consists of hundreds or thousands of low cost nodes which could either have a fixed location or randomly deployed to monitor the environment. The flowing of data ends at special nodes called base stations (sometimes they are also referred to as sinks).

40. Network Model for WSN
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A base station links the sensor network to another network (like a gateway) to disseminate the data sensed for further processing. Base stations have enhanced capabilities over simple sensor nodes since they must do complex data processing.

41. Network Model for WSN
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This justifies the fact that bases stations have workstation/laptop class processors, and of course enough memory, energy, storage and computational power to perform their tasks well.

42. Future of WSN Smart Home / Smart Office
Sensors controlling appliances and electrical devices in the house.
Better lighting and heating in office buildings.
The Pentagon building has used sensors extensively. 42
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

43. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Biomedical / Medical
Health Monitors
Glucose
Heart rate
Cancer detection
Chronic Diseases
Artificial retina
Cochlear implants
Hospital Sensors
Monitor vital signs
Record anomalies 43
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

44. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Military
Remote deployment of sensors for tactical monitoring of enemy troop movements. 44
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

45. Industrial & Commercial
Numerous industrial and commercial applications:
Agricultural Crop Conditions
Inventory Tracking
In-Process Parts Tracking
Automated Problem Reporting
RFID – Theft Deterrent and Customer Tracing
Plant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring 45
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

46. Traffic Management & Monitoring
Future cars could use wireless sensors to:
Handle Accidents
Handle Thefts
Sensors embedded in the roads to:
Monitor traffic flows
Provide real-time route updates 46
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

47. Usage of Sensor Networks
Environmental Observation:
Sensor networks can be used to monitor environmental changes. An example could be water pollution detection in a lake that is located near a factory that uses chemical substances. Sensor nodes could be randomly deployed in unknown and hostile areas and relay the exact origin of a pollutant. Other examples include forest fire detection, air pollution and rainfall observation in agriculture.

48. Usage of Sensor Networks
continue …
Military Monitoring:
Military uses sensor networks for battlefield surveillance; sensors could monitor vehicular traffic, track the position of the enemy.

49. Usage of Sensor Networks
continue …
Building Monitoring:
Sensors can also be used in large buildings or factories monitoring climate changes. Thermostats and temperature sensor nodes are deployed all over the building’s area. In addition, sensors could be used to monitor vibration that could damage the structure of a building.

50. Usage of Sensor Networks
continue …
Healthcare:
Sensors can be used in biomedical applications to improve the quality of the provided care. Sensors are implanted in the human body to monitor medical problems like cancer and help patients maintain their health.

51. Usage of Sensor Networks-Health Care

52. The future is embedded, embedded is the future
Why WSN-The Present..
According to forecasts, future of IT characterized by terms such as
Disappearing computer,
Ubiquitous computing,
Pervasive computing,
Ambient intelligence,
Post-PC era,
Cyber-physical systems.
Basic Technology
Embedded Systems
Communication technologies
The future is embedded, embedded is the future
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53. Embedded System..
Embedded system: computing systems designed for a specific purpose.
Embedded system = Processor + Communication device + Memory + I/O
Embedded software is software integrated with physical processes
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54. Cyber Physical Systems
“(CPS-Cy-Phy)”
Cyber Physical Systems
are integrations of computation with physical processes.”
[Edward Lee, 2006]
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55. Cyber Physical System
Cyber – computation, communication, and control that are discrete, logical, and switched
Physical – natural and human-made systems governed by the laws of physics and operating in continuous time
Cyber-Physical Systems – systems in which the cyber and physical systems are tightly integrated at all scales and levels
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are physical and engineered systems whose operations are monitored, coordinated, controlled and integrated by a computing and communication core.
“CPS will transform how we interact with the physical world just like the Internet transformed how we interact with one another.”
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56. Why Cyber Physical System ?
CPS allow us to add capabilities to physical systems
By merging computing and communication with physical processes, CPS brings many benefits:
• Safer and more efficient systems
• Reduce the cost of building and operating systems
• Build complex systems that provide new capabilities
Technological and Economic Drivers
• The decreasing cost of computation, networking, and sensing
• Computers and communication are ubiquitous, enables national or global scale CPSs
• Social and economic forces require more efficient use of national
infrastructure.
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57. Wireless Everywhere Yesterday- 15 years ago Today
Voice
Yesterday- 15 years ago
Millions of wireless devices
SMS
Mobile TV
Social Networking
Wireless Internet
WiFi
You Tube
Today
Billions of wireless devices
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58. Wireless Everywhere Tomorrow +15 years Trillions of Wireless devices
Cyber Physical Systems
Environment
Health Care
New Devices
Internet of Things
Energy
People to People
People to machines
Machines to Machines
Tomorrow +15 years
Trillions of Wireless devices
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59. CPS-Distributed Architecture in India
GARUDA-Global Access to Resource Using Distributed Architecture
GARUDA is
India's first grid (Distributed) computing initiative,
Developed and deployed by C-DAC
with the financial support of Govt. Of India.
It is an aggregation of resources comprising of
computational nodes,
mass storage and
scientific instruments distributed across the country.
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60. GARUDA Application Collaborative Classrooms Climate Modeling
Computer Aided Engineering
Disaster Management
Medical and Health Care
Open Source Drug Discovery
Open System for Earth Quake Simulation
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61. COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING
Courtesy :

62. Drug Discovery
Open Source Drug Discovery (OSDD) is a CSIR-led global initiative
Funded by Govt of India
Develop drugs for tropical infectious diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, etc
The OSDD method tries to collaboratively aggregate the biological and genetic information available to scientists for use to hasten the discovery of drugs
This will provide a unique opportunity for the entire community of scientists, doctors, technocrats, students and others with diverse expertise to contribute/work for a common cause
Such drug discovery applications have several components requiring huge computation power and data storage
Statistics
An estimated 3,70,000 deaths due to TB occur each year. This amounts to over 1000 deaths a day or 2 TB deaths every 3 minutes
Courtesy :

63. OSDD
OSDD

64. Courtesy :www.garunda.in
OSDD
Courtesy :

65. Latest – in CPS in India – Space Technology
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally called Mangalyaan, ("Mars-craft") is a Mars orbiter that was successfully launched into Earth orbit on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
The mission is a "technology demonstrator" project aiming to develop the technologies required for design, planning, management and operations of an interplanetary mission.
The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted-off from the First Launch Pad at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, using a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket 5 November 2013.
The launch window was approximately 20 days long and started on 28 October.
The Mars Orbiter Mission is India's first interplanetary mission.
If successful, ISROwould become the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and ESA(European Space Agency).
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66. CPS Community Activities
High Confidence Medical Device Software and Systems (2005) (2007) (2011)
High Confidence Software Platform for Cyber Physical Systems
NSF: Workshop on Cyber Physical Systems
NSF: Automotive CPS (2008) (2011)
ARO: Security and Privacy of Cyber Physical System (2012) (2013)(Feb -2014)
NIST: Cyber Security for Cyber Physical Systems
National Workshop on Research on High-Confidence Transportation
Cyber Physical Systems: Automotive Aviation & Rail
New Research Directions in for Future Cyber Physical Energy Systems
CPS Week (2010,2011,2012,2013)(Future- April , 2014)
NSF (National Science Foundation)
ARO(Association for Research in Otolaryngology)
NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology)
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67. Presentation By
Mr. Manoj Kavedia 67

68. Thanks for Listening
Any Questions ?