1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 16. India and The Ocean Basin

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 India after the Fall of The Gupta Dynasty Invasion of White Huns from Central Asia beginning 451 CE Gupta State collapsed mid-6 th c. Chaos in northern India  Local power struggles  Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into Indian society

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 King Harsha (r. 606-648 CE) Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India Religiously tolerant  Buddhist by faith Generous support for poor Patron of the arts  Wrote three plays Assassinated, no successor able to retain control

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Introduction of Islam to Northern India Islam brought by military conquest and trade Arabs conquer Sind (north-west India), 711 Multi-religious population, but held by Abbasid dynasty to 1258

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Merchants and Islam Arabic trade with India predates Islam Muslims dominated trade between India and the west to 15 th century Established local communities in India  E.g. Cambay

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Mahmud of Ghazni Turkish groups mount raids into India M of G is a Turks from Afghanistan raids 1001- 1027 Plunders, destroys Hindu and Buddhist temples  Often builds mosques atop ruins

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 The Sultanate of Delhi Consolidation of Mahmud’s raiding territory Capital: Delhi Ruled northern India 1206-1526 Weak administrative structure  Reliance on cooperation of Hindu kings 19 out of 35 Sultans assassinated

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India Chola Kingdom, 850-1267  Maritime power  Not highly centralized Kingdom of Vijayanagar  Northern Deccan  Originally supported by Sultanate of Delhi  Leaders renounce Islam in 1336-bros Harihara & Bukka  Yet maintain relations with Sultantate

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Agriculture in the Monsoon World Spring/summer: rains, wind from south-west Fall/winter: dry season, wind from north-east Seasonal irrigation crucial to avoid drought, famine  Especially southern India Massive construction of reservoirs, canals, tunnels

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 The trading world of the Indian Ocean basin, 600-1600 C.E.

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Population Growth in India

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Trade and Economic Development in Southern India Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient in staple foods Certain products traded throughout subcontinent  Iron, copper, salt, pepper Southern India profits from trade & political instability in north

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Temples and Indian Society Hindu temples are more than religious centers  Economic & social centers Center of coordination of irrigation, other agricultural work  Some Temples had large landholdings Education providers Banking services

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin Trade increases in post-classical period Larger ships  Dhows, junks, lateen sail Improved organization of agricultural efforts Establishment of Emporia  Cosmopolitan port cities serve as warehouses for trade Specialized products developed (cotton, high-carbon steel) Trade encouraged specialized production & economic and political development

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 The Kingdom of Axum (Ethiopia) Example of trade-driven development Founded 1 st c. CE  Adopted Christianity Displaces Kush as Egyptian link to the south  Axum destroys Kushan capital Meroë c. 360 CE  Major territorial expansion to late 6 th c.  Merchants maintain ties with distant lands  Adulis most prominent port in East Africa

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Obelisk at Axum

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Challenges to Caste and Society Migrations Growth of Islam Urbanization Economic development  Development of Jati (subcastes)  Similar to worker’s guilds Caste system expands from north to south Promoted by Temples, educational system

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Decline of Buddhism Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroy holy sites, temples 1196 Muslim forces destroy library of Nalanda  Thousands of monks exiled

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Development of Hinduism Growth of devotional cults  Esp. Vishnu: preserver of the world & Shiva: Fertility and destruction Promise of salvation Especially popular in southern India, spreads to north Reinforces social order through the caste system

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Devotional Philosophers Shankara, Brahmin philosopher of 9 th c. CE  Devotee of Shiva  Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form  Preferred rigorous logical analysis to emotional devotion  Upanishads as point of departure Ramanuja, Brahmin philosopher 11 th -early 12 th c.  Challenges Shankara’s emphasis on intellect  Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism  Personal union with deity

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Conversion to Islam 25 million converts by 1500 (1/4 of total population) Possibilities of social advancement for lower- caste Hindus  Rarely achieved: whole castes or jatis convert, social status remains consistent

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Sufis Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam Important missionaries of Islam to India Some flexibility regarding local customs

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 The Bhakti Movement Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together 12 th c. southern Hindu movement, spread to north Guru Kabir (1440-1518)  Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all manifestations of one Deity  Largely unsuccessful

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Indian Influence in Southeast Asia Influence dates from 500 BCE Evidence of Indian ideas and traditions  Kingship as form of political authority  Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism)  Literature Ramayana & Mahabharata Caste system not as influential

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Early States of Southeast Asia Funan  Lower Mekong River, 1 st - 6 th c. CE  Isthmus of Kra Kingdom of Srivijaya  Centered in Sumatra, 670- 1025 CE Kingdom of Angkor  Cambodia, 889-1431 CE  Magnificent religious city complexes

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Later states of Southeast Asia: Angkor, Singosari, and Majapahit, 889-1520 C.E.

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Islam in Southeast Asia Early populations of Muslim traders Increasing popularity with Sufi activity Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist traditions

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 State of Melaka Founded late 14 th c. CE by rebellious prince of Sumatra Dominated maritime trade routes Mid-15 th c. converts to Islam