2.  Who: political scientist  What: wrote Democracy in America  When: 1835 & 1840  Where: France  Why: he explained why a republican representative democracy succeeded in the U.S. but failed in other places; he feared democracy could become too extreme "tyranny of the majority"

3.  Who: Mexico & U.S.  What: treaty Mexico was forced to sign after losing the Mexican- American War  When: 1848  Where: Mexico & U.S.  Why: U.S. acquired about half of Mexico's territory; left a bitter legacy of distrust of the U.S. thru Latin America; resulted in a loss of economic potential for Mexico

4.  Who: president of the "French Second Republic"; nephew/ heir of Napoleon I  What: ruled France after he stated a coup  When: 1848-1870  Where: France  Why: He attempted to assert control over Mexico and placed Maximiliam I on the throne in Mexico (justified intervention since they all shared a "Latin" culture); allied with Britain and defeated Russia in the Crimean War

5.  Who: Austrian archduke  What: he took the throne of Mexico (supported by France); he tried to keep many of the laws from La Reforma in place, but people rejected rule by a foreign prince; (the U.S. was distracted with its own Civil War or we would probably have intervened)  When: 1862-1867  Where: Mexico  Why: his regime crumbled when France withdrew troops and he was executed

7.  Who: British vs. Boers  What: fought over continued Independence of Boer Republics; British won  When: 1899 and 1902  Where: South Africa  Why: Began the process of decolonization for whites in South Africa

8.  Who: British General  What: won the Battle of Omdurman; Second Boer War; Secretary of State for War at start of WWI  When: 1898  Where: Africa  Why: Showed the power of western military weapons in Africa; imprisoned Boer civilians in concentration camps

9.  Who: British in India  What: British political establishment in India; as the British broke down the Mughal Empire they left the defeated/allied Indian Rulers on the thrones of their Princely States and agents of the East India Company were stationed at the rulers' courts  When: starting in the18th century  Where: India  Why: British built railroads/telegraphs; encouraged cultivation of tea, coffee, opium; suppressed customs (such as banning Sati in 1829)

10.  Who: British Historian, Secretary of War  What: Supported the replacement of local languages by English of the official language; introduced western concepts to education in India  When: 1800-1859  Where: British Empire  Why: divided the world into places that were either "civilized" or "barbaric"

11.  Who: British historian  What: wrote the History of British India  When: 1817  Where: British Empire  Why: denounced the history, religion, literature, arts, etc. of India

12.  Who: British philosopher  What: worked for social reforms  When: 1748-1832  Where: Britain  Why: advocated economic freedom, separation of church and state, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, abolition of death penalty, decriminalizing of homosexual acts

13.  Who: ruler of Hawaii  What: conquered the Hawaiin islands and established a Kingdom  When: 1810  Where: Hawaii  Why: preserved Hawaii's independence under his rule by developing alliances with the major Pacific colonial powers; unified the legal system and promoted trade with Europe and the U.S.

14.  Who: O. Henry coined the term  What: a politically unstable country that is dependent on the export of a single resource (ex. Bananas)  When: 1904  Where: ex. Guatemala, Honduras  Why: often led foreign governments (such as U.S.) to interfere in the Banana Republics

15.  What: Western term for the perceived threat of Japanese Imperialism  When: c. 1900  Where: Pacific  Why: led to increased Western Imperialism in the region

16.  What: broke out as anti-colonial tensions mounted in Cuba and Puerto Rico (last of Spain's American empire) where U.S. business interests had made large investments; U.S. battleship Maine exploded and sank in Havana Harbor, U.S. wrongly suspected sabotage and declared war on Spain  When: 1898-1899  Why: U.S. easily defeated Spain and took possession of Cuba and Puerto Rico, then destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila and took possession of Guam and Philippines (Spain's last colonies in Pacific) to prevent them from falling under German or Japanese control; U.S. emerged as an Imperial Power