1. Hanoi University of Civil Engineering,
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT (WWM) AND ITS IMPACTS TO WATER ENVIRONMENTS IN VIETNAM. WWM CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES
Hanoi University of Civil Engineering,

2. Cities in Vietnam, classes I - V

3. Rapid urbanization and industrialization
Hanoi city: Population
1945: 280,000
1954: 380,000
1960: 1,050,000
2001: 1,700,000 among 2,750,000 total urban zone population
2020: 2.5 million among 4.5 millions total urban zone population
The area of Hanoi urban in 1994 was 4,600 ha, in 2000: 9,000 ha, and it will be up to 25,000 ha in 2020

4. Rapid urbanization and industrialization
Urbanization and industrialization processes create pressures on the environment and natural resources; destroy the ecological balance, impact on environmental quality and natural resources
These pressures could exceed the “enduring ability” of the environment and natural resources as well as the “response ability”

5. Pressure-Status-Response (PSR) Model (Adopted from EPA)
Production, Commerce, Consumption
Energy, Transport, Industries, Agriculture, Forestry, etc.
Environmental status
Air, Water, Soil,
Natural resources,
Ecosystems,
Urban and rural areas
Response
Legislations, Strategies, Policies, New technologies,
Pollution control,
Consumption change
Conventions, etc.
ResponsesDecisions, Actions
Environment, natural resources
Information

6. Water resources Surface water resources:
2360 rivers with lengths over 10 km accounting for a total flow of 835 Billion m3
Year 2000: m3 person yr-1 (global average: 7400 m3 person yr-1)
Not equally distributed by locality or season:
- 5 months wet season: % of total flow
- 7 months dry season: % of total flow

7. Ground water:
Billion m3 of total potential
Maximum available for exploitation: Billion m3

9. Hanoi water supply

10. Groundwater over-exploitation has caused depression and subsidence phenomenon in some areas of Hanoi city
The highest rate of subsidence (30 mm yr-1) has been found in a 2-km2 radius surrounding Phap Van water treatment plant
Groundwater in Pleistocene (QII) aquifer has been slightly polluted by nitrogen compounds, especially by ammonia, which has being found at Ha Dinh, Tuong Mai and Phap Van water treatment plants (up to 20 mg NH4-N l-1)

11. Domestic water use
640 cities and towns with a population of 18 Million (23%)
200 urban water supply projects, provide 2.7 Million m3 d-1 for 60% of the urban population this is equivalent to l d-1
40% of the urban population does not have access to an adequate water supply
90% urban areas are not equipped with adequate sewerage systems
1995: 28% population in rural areas served by clean water
1999: 36%
2002: 50% receiving 50 l d-1

12. Water use for agriculture
1990: 47 Billion m3 (90% of total water consumption)
1999: 60 Billion m3 (85% of total)

13. Water use for industrial activities
1990: 5.33 Billion m3 (9.8% of total water consumption)
1999: 14 Billion m3 (15% of total)

14. Industrial wastewaters
90% of industrial enterprises do not meet National effluent standards
73% of industrial enterprises do not have WW treatment systems
60% of WW treatment systems are not operated properly

15. Water quality of river basins
Red river delta: Organics pollution
Domestic wastewater is a major pollution source, among domestic, industrial and agricultural activities
Rivers in Central Vietnam:
Affordable quality
Lightly affected by salt intrusion due to tidal regime
Rivers in the Southern Vietnam:
Increasing levels of organic and inorganic pollutants
Sai Gon, Dong Nai, Thi Vai rivers, etc.

17. Water environment problems
Flooding
Salt intrusion
Pollution

18. Monitoring data:
Variables Measured: Temp, pH, BOD5, COD, SS, TDS, EC, DO,NH4+, NO3-, PO43-, Cl-, Fe, Pb, Cd, (Cr, Hg, As), Coliform.
BOD5 , COD, NH+4, NO-3 are generally 2 – 4 times higher than the permissible value
Total coli-form is 100 times higher than the permissible value
In some places Pb and Hg concentrations were several times higher than permissible value
Some rivers are effectively drainage channels

19. Pollution of surface water has increasd

20. Wastewater re-use in agriculture

21. Untreated faecal sludge use in aquaculture

22. Pesticides Before 1985: 0.3 kg ha-1 1986 – 1990: 0.4 – 0.5 kg ha-1
Concentrated in Red and Mekong River deltas
Improper use

23. Fertilizer
5 Million t yr-1 inorganic fertilizers including 3 Million t yr-1 of imported fertilizers
Vietnam: kg inorganic fertilizer ha (Rice = kg ha-1)

24. Mitigation measures Legislative base, economical tools
Environmental standards
Urban planning and management
Pollution control technologies
Education and public awareness

25. Standards Water quality Discharges TCVN 5942:1995 TCVN 5943:1995
Reuse: (WHO)
Stepwise approach!

26. “Critical Control Points” as barriers against disease transmission
Pathogens in faeces
Person-to-person
Flies
Soil
Dom. animals, rodents
Water
Dishes
Food
Fish
Containment, treatment
Barriers:
improved excreta disposal, hygiene and waste management

27. Planning
DEWATS concepts vs centralized WW systems

28. RURBIFARM Project Sustainable Farming at the rural-urban interface
RURBIFARM Project Sustainable Farming at the rural-urban interface. Introduction to the NISF research sites in Hanoi, Vietnam
by NISF team

29. What is peri-urban agriculture?
Geographically close to cities.
Agricultural production mainly for city use.
City activities have a direct impact on rural activities.

30. Two proposed NISF study sites: Tien Phong & Minh Khai Commune

31. Hanoi meteorological 2000 (Lang station)
Inorganic fertilizers pressure in a ha of agricultural land in Vietnam from
Organic fertilizers pressure in a ha of agricultural land in Vietnam from

32. Overview of Hanoi city and the study area
Tien Phong site
Minh Khai site

33. Fertile soil (Fluvisols)
Degraded land
(Acrisols)
Tien Phong commune/ACIAR
Minh Khai commune
Fertile soil (Fluvisols)

34. Minh Khai site (vegetable-FS)

35. ACIAR/Tien Phong site (mixed FS)

36. Land preparation for vegetable planting

37. Irrigation work