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Living in the Environment
Water Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 14 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College
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Key Concepts The physical properties of water
Availability of fresh water Methods of increasing freshwater supplies Using water more efficiently Problems associated with flooding
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Water’s Unique Properties
Hydrogen bonding Liquid over wide temperature range Changes temperature slowly High heat of evaporation Great dissolving power pH Adhesion and cohesion Expands when it freezes
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Supply of Water Resources
Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater Biota 0.0001% Rivers Atmospheric water vapor Lakes 0.0007% Soil moisture 0.0005% Groundwater 0.592% Ice caps and glaciers 1.985% 0.014% 3% Fig p. 314
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Surface Water Surface runoff Reliable runoff: 1/3 of surface runoff
Watershed / Drainage basin
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Evaporation and transpiration
Ground Water Fig p. 315 Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation Stream Infiltration Water table Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer Lake Well requiring a pump Flowing artesian well Runoff Precipitation Confined Recharge Area Aquifer Less permeable material such as clay Confirming permeable rock layer Zone of Saturation
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Use of Water Resources Humans use about 50% of reliable runoff
United States Industry 11% Public 10% Power cooling 38% Agriculture Agriculture (West US) Water Subsidies Industry (East US) Power plants Fig p. 316
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Figure 14-6 Page 316 10,500 liters 9,000 liters (2,800 gallons)
1 automobile 400,000 liters (106,000 gallons) 1 kilogram cotton 10,500 liters (2,400 gallons) 1 kilogram aluminum 9,000 liters (2,800 gallons) 1 kilogram grain-fed beef 7,000 liters (1,900 gallons) 1 kilogram rice 5,000 liters (1,300 gallons) 1 kilogram corn 1,500 liters (400 gallons) Figure 14-6 Page 316 1 kilogram paper 880 liters (230 gallons) 1 kilogram steel 220 liters (60 gallons)
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Too Little Water Dry climate Drought Dessication Water stress
Acute shortage Adequate supply Shortage Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million Water stress Fig p. 317
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Stress on Major River Basins
Europe North America Asia Africa South America Australia Stress High None Figure 14-8 Page 318 Stress on Major River Basins
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Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water
Large losses of water through evaporation Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Downstream flooding is reduced Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland Fig p. 319
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Dam Benefits: Figure 14-10 Page 319
• Deliver nutrients to the sea sustain coastal fisheries • Deposit silt that maintains deltas • Purify water • Renew and nourish wetlands • Provide habitats for aquatic life • Conserve species diversity Dam Benefits: Figure Page 319
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IDAHO WYOMING Dam Aqueduct or canal Salt Lake City Upper Basin
Grand Junction Lower Basin Denver UPPER BASIN UTAH COLORADO Lake Powell Grand Canyon Glen Canyon Dam Las Vegas NEW MEXICO Boulder City ARIZONA CALIFORNIA Albuquerque Los Angeles LOWER BASIN Palm Springs Figure Page 320 Phoenix 100 mi. San Diego Yuma 150 km Mexicali Tucson All-American Canal Gulf of California MEXICO
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China’s Three Gorges Dam
Figure Page 320 Beijing RUSSIA YELLOW SEA MONGOLIA CHINA Shanghai Wunan Jailing River Yichang Chongquing Yangtze River CHINA Three Gorges Dam Reservoir EAST CHINA SEA NEPAL BHUTAN BANGLADESH PACIFIC OCEAN INDIA VIETNAM BURMA LAOS China’s Three Gorges Dam
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Three Gorges Dam Reservoir
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Transferring Water from One Place to Another (North vs. South)
Watershed transfer North Bay Aqueduct South Bay California Aqueduct CALIFORNIA NEVADA UTAH MEXICO Central Arizona Project Colorado River Los Angeles Shasta Lake Sacramento Fresno Phoenix Tucson ARIZONA Colorado River San Francisco San Diego A. California Water Project B. Central Arizona Project Fig p. 323
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The battle for water… North South
Sending water would affect fisheries Reduce “flushing action” in San Francisco Bay South has inefficient irrigation South - Need more water for crops to support LA and San Diego
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James Bay Watershed Project
-Impacts on Native Inuit and Cree CANADA Hudson Bay Chisasibi NEWFOUNDLAND II James Bay I ONTARIO II QUEBEC Figure Page 323 New York City ATLANTIC OCEAN Chicago UNITED STATES
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Phase II and III: REJECTED! - Flood Inuit and Cree - Surplus of energy
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Is the Aral Sea Shrinking ?
KAZAKHSTAN 2000 ARAL SEA 1989 1960 UZBEKISTAN TURKMENISTAN
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Tapping Groundwater Year-round use No evaporation losses
Often less expensive Potential Problems!
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Problems with Using Groundwater
Water table lowering (See Fig p. 326) Depletion (See Fig p. 326) Subsidence (See Fig p. 326) Saltwater intrusion (See Fig p. 328) Chemical contamination See Case Study p. 327 Reduced stream flows
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Groundwater Overdrafts: High Moderate Minor or none
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Subsidence: High Moderate Minor or none
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WYOMING SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA KANSAS COLORADO OKLAHOMA NEW MEXICO
Less than 61 meters (200 ft) meters ( ft) More than 183 meters (600 ft) (as much as 370 meters or 1,200 ft. in places) NEBRASKA KANSAS COLORADO OKLAHOMA NEW MEXICO TEXAS Miles 100 160 Kilometers
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Major irrigation well Well contaminated with saltwater Water table Sea Level Salt water Fresh groundwater aquifer Interface Interface Saltwater Intrusion Normal Interface
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Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water and Making it Rain
Distillation desalination Reverse osmosis desalination Desalination is very expensive Cloud seeding
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Using Water More Efficiently
Reduce losses due to leakage Reform water laws Improve irrigation efficiency (Fig p. 330) Improving manufacturing processes Water efficient landscaping Water efficient appliances
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Too Much Water: Floods Natural phenomena
Aggravated by human activities Channelization Reservoir Dam Levee Flood wall Floodplain Fig p. 332
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Forested Hillside Oxygen released by vegetation Diverse ecological
habitat Evapotranspiration Trees reduce soil erosion from heavy rain and wind Agricultural land Leaf litter improves soil fertility Steady river flow Tree roots stabilize soil and aid water flow Vegetation releases water slowly and reduces flooding Forested Hillside
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Evapotranspiration decreases
Tree plantation Evapotranspiration decreases Roads destabilize hillsides Ranching accelerates soil erosion by water and wind Winds remove fragile topsoil Agriculture land is flooded and silted up Gullies and landslides Rapid runoff causes flooding Heavy rain leaches nutrients from soil and erodes topsoil Silt from erosion blocks rivers and reservoirs and causes flooding downstream After Deforestation
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Solutions: Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future
Efficient irrigation Water-saving technologies Improving water management See Fig p. 336
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Reducing Water Waste in Irrigation
Lining canals bringing water to irrigation ditches Leveling fields with lasers Irrigating at night to reduce evaporation Using soil and satellite sensors and computer systems to monitor soil moisture and add water only when necessary Polyculture Organic farming Growing water-efficient crops using drought- resistant and salt-tolerant crop varieties Irrigating with treated urban waste water Importing water-intensive crops and meat Reducing Water Waste in Irrigation
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Gravity Flow Drip Irrigation Center Pivot
(efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves) Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river. Drip Irrigation (efficiency 90-95%) Above- or below-ground pipes or tubes deliver water to individual plant roots. Center Pivot (efficiency 80% with low-pressure sprinkler and 90–95% with LEPA sprinkler) Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from mobile boom with sprinklers.
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Farming Solutions • Redesign manufacturing processes
• Landscape yards with plants that require little water • Use drip irrigation • Fix water leaks • Use water meters and charge for all municipal water use • Raise water prices • Require water conservation in water-short cities • Use water-saving toilets, showerheads, and front- loading clothes washers • Collect and reuse household water to irrigate lawns and nonedible plants • Purify and reuse water for houses, apartments, and office buildings Farming Solutions
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Solutions for Industry, Homes, and Business
Not depleting aquifers Preserving ecological health of aquatic systems Preserving water quality Integrated watershed management Agreements among regions and countries sharing surface water resources Outside party mediation of water disputes between nations Marketing of water rights Wasting less water Decreasing government subsides for supplying water Increasing government subsides for reducing water waste Slowing population growth Solutions for Industry, Homes, and Business
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