1. The Imperial Russia Lecture 2 Lyra Riabov Associate Professor Southern New Hampshire University

2. Russian Empire 1613-1917  Romanov Dynasty  Westernizing Russia  The Golden Age of Russian Culture

3. Northern Russian Architecture, XVII th Century, Kizhi

4. Russian Architecture, XVI th - XVIII th Centuries

5. The Romanov Dynasty MIKHAIL FEODOROVICH 1613-1645 ALEXEI MIKHAILOVICH 1645-1676 FEODOR ALEXEEVICH 1676-1682 IVAN V (IVAN ALEXEEVICH) 1682-1696 SOFIA ALEXEEVNA 1682-1689 PETER THE GREAT EMPEROR OF ALL RUSSIA 1721-1725 CATHERINE I 1725-1727 PETER II 1727-1730 ANNA IVANOVNA 1730-1740 IVAN VI 1740-1741 ELIZAVETA PETROVNA 1741-1761 PETER III 1761-1762 CATHERINE THE GREAT 1762-1796 PAUL I 1796-1801 ALEXANDER I 1801-1825 NICHOLAS I 1825-1855 ALEXANDER II 1855-1881 ALEXANDER III 1881-1894 NICHOLAS II 1894-1917

6. Peter The Great 1689 - 1725 Transformed Russian Society to its foundation Military reform: Russia was at war in every year of Peter’s reign but one Peter ordered thousands of Church bells to be melt down and made into cannons and cannonballs His army numbered more than 200,000 regular troops, the largest in Europe He built ships and had 28,000 sailors Built St. Petersburg, a new capital of Russia Placed Church under control of Holy Synod, a secular office Peter defeated the Swedes in the battle of Poltava in 1709, obtained territory on the Baltic coast, and marked the emergence of Russia as a military power in Europe Developed economy and created a better, more enlightened administration Introduced sweeping government reforms, using western European models: a Senate was created with “Twelve colleges”/ministries Foreign trade increased by 400% Introduced new taxes Decreed to shave beards, westernized clothes, encouraged learning foreign languages

7. Peter I in 1716 Summer Palace of Peter the Great In 1703 Peter said,“ Here shall be a town.”

8. Peter I Bust in Copenhagen Grand Palace and Fountains in Petrodvorets

9. St. Petersburg –A Window on the West Peter the GreatThe Admiralty St. Peter & Paul Fortress Vasilievsky Island – The place of original Peter the Great’s Port More ViewsMore Views Kunstcamera, Peter’s First Museum

10. Reigned: 1762-1796  Born in Germany  Married Peter III in 1745  Great intelligence, strong will  Passionate and clever woman  Turned her romances to the advantage of the state Catherine the Great The Bronze Horseman On the Shore by the desolate waves He stood, with lofty thoughts, And gaze into the distance… Alexander Pushkin (1833) Catherine II to Peter I They both admired Western Culture Peter had practical nature: imported western technology Shipbuilding fascinated Peter Catherine was interested in culture and ideas. She built palaces and purchased grand collections of art Catherine corresponded with French philosophers Voltaire and Rousseau. She also was the author of essays, plays, poems and music. Peter was traveling in Europe as a workman learning shipbuilding, navigation, geometry,dentistry, and carpentry.

11. Palaces of St. Petersburg, XVIII th - XIX th Centuries

12. St. Petersburg & Peterhof, XVIII th - XIX th Centuries

13.  Publication of books increased from 600 during Peter the Great’s reign to 7,500  Built Smolny Institute for noblewomen  Founded Odessa, a southern port and stronghold on the Black sea  Established Russian Academy of Science  Ended the initial concord between the empress and the writers  Signed the execution sentence of Alexander Radishchev for his pamphlet Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, in which he described the evils of serfdom.  Ended Pugachev rebellion in blood  Peter the Great had ended the threat to Russia from Sweden,and Catherine did the same from the Ottoman Empire and Poland  Expanded Russian territories: annexed most of Poland, the Crimea,and the Northern Caucasus  Confirmed and strengthened gentry’s ownership of land and serfs. Peasants were serfs since XVI th century.  Seized Church lands for state needs  Emancipated Nobility from compulsory state service, and granted freedom from taxation Catherine the Great “My aim is to do good…to bring happiness freedom and well being to my subjects”

14. 1812 Russia’s War against Napoleon Alexander I 1801-1825 Interested in the ideas of constitutional government and corresponded with Thomas Jefferson Won the war over Napoleon This was an epic and popular victory for Russia, later celebrated in word (Tolstoy’s War and Peace) and music (Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture) Kutuzov, Commander-in -Chief of Russian Army Kutuzov is at Fili meeting before the Battle at Borodino Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Russia with 600,000 troops in 1812. Only one-tenth of this number left Russia alive. The end of Napoleonic Empire was in sight.

15. Emancipation of Serfs in1861 It is better to abolish serfdom from above rather than await the time when it will begin to abolish itself from below Alexander II 1855-1881 50 million serfs received freedom Ilya Repin. Barge Haulers on the Volga. 1870-1873. Oil on canvas. The Russian Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia

16. “ Nowhere has the artists been more burdened with the task of moral leadership and national prophesy, nor more feared and persecuted by the state. Alienated from official Russia by their politics, and from peasants by their education, Russia’s artists took it upon themselves to create a national community of values and ideas through literature and art…if we look carefully, they may become a window on to a nation’s life.” Orlando Figes, Historian In Search for Truth It was a quest to grasp the idea of Russia, its nationality, its character, its history, its customs and conventions, its spiritual essence and its destiny.

17. PushkinLermontovGogolTurgenevLeo Tolstoy Glinka TchaikovskyDostoevskyBorodinMusorgsky RepinKarl Brullov Isaac LevitanMendeleevHertzen The Golden Age of Russian Culture

18. Orest Kiprensky (1782-1836) Alexander Pushkin Evgraf Davydov

19. Nikolai Ge (1831-1894) What is Truth? Peter is Interrogating his Son Alexis

20. Karl Brullov (1799-1852) Self-portrait & The Last Day Of Pompeii (Detail)

21. Ivan Kramskoy (1837-1887) Leo Tolstoy Christ in the Wilderness

22. Serov, Levitan, Miasoedov XIX th – XX th Centuries

23. The End of Romanov Dynasty 1613 - 1917 OlgaTatiana Nicolas MarieAnastasiaAlexei Alexandra