2. Running Water

3. Running water Water as an agent of erosion; water in streams, tributaries (larger streams) and rivers that flow down hill therefore changing the landscape (erosion)

4. Running water Abrasion – wearing away of rock by grinding action Abrasion – wearing away of rock by grinding action

5. 3 ways rock is carried by water Solution – mineral matter dissolved from bedrock is carried in a river (25%) Solution – mineral matter dissolved from bedrock is carried in a river (25%)

6. 3 ways rock is carried by water Suspension – small rock materials, silt and clay, carried by a river are stirred up & kept from sinking by the turbulence of stream flow (50%) Suspension – small rock materials, silt and clay, carried by a river are stirred up & kept from sinking by the turbulence of stream flow (50%)

7. 3 ways rock is carried by water Bed Load – sand, gravel, pebbles, and boulders that are moved along the bed of a stream & that are too heavy to be carried in suspension (25%) Bed Load – sand, gravel, pebbles, and boulders that are moved along the bed of a stream & that are too heavy to be carried in suspension (25%)

8. Carrying Power – how much total sediments a stream can carry and the size of the particles being carried by the stream at given time and stream velocity Carrying Power – how much total sediments a stream can carry and the size of the particles being carried by the stream at given time and stream velocity

9. Discharge – volume of water flowing past a given point in a stream at a given time Discharge – volume of water flowing past a given point in a stream at a given time

10. Stream Velocity – the speed of water at a given point at a given time Stream Velocity – the speed of water at a given point at a given time Drainage system - Streams flow into larger streams (tributaries), which flow into rivers, which flow into oceans … cumulative denotes a “drainage system” Drainage system - Streams flow into larger streams (tributaries), which flow into rivers, which flow into oceans … cumulative denotes a “drainage system”

11. Lengthening of a valley… Gully – a miniature valley formed by erosion from heavy rains Gully – a miniature valley formed by erosion from heavy rains

12. Headward Erosion – wearing away of land at the head of a gully or a stream valley Headward Erosion – wearing away of land at the head of a gully or a stream valley

13. More Headward Erosion

14. http://www.pbase.com/dougsherman/image/94105729

15. Drainage Basin (watershed) – an area of land who’s runoff supplies water to the stream of a drainage system - area drained by a river system Drainage Basin (watershed) – an area of land who’s runoff supplies water to the stream of a drainage system - area drained by a river system

17. Base Level – the level of the body of water into which a stream flows Base Level – the level of the body of water into which a stream flows

18. Divide – the higher land separating two adjacent drainage basins

19. Continental Divide made of Rocky Mountains and Sierra Madre Occidental Mountains –Streams on the East drain into the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico –Streams to the West drain into the Pacific

23. Stream Piracy – the diversion of the upper part of one stream by the headward growth of another stream Stream Piracy – the diversion of the upper part of one stream by the headward growth of another stream

24. Water Gap – a pass Water Gap – a pass in a mountain ridge through which a stream flows, created by resistant rock layers

26. Life of a River A Youthful Stream Narrow V-shaped valley Narrow V-shaped valley Down cutting Down cutting Swift water Swift water Steep gradient Steep gradient Erosion is dominant Erosion is dominant

28. Mature Stream Lateral Erosion begins Lateral Erosion begins Meanders develop Meanders develop Floodplains develop Floodplains develop Gradient lowers Gradient lowers

30. Old Age Wide meanders and oxbow lakes Wide meanders and oxbow lakes Wide floodplain Wide floodplain Low velocity Low velocity Low gradient Low gradient Dynamic equilibrium between erosion and deposition Dynamic equilibrium between erosion and deposition

31. Flow speed Flow speed High velocity (erosion): Outside of curve Outside of curve Middle of surface Middle of surface Well below the surface Well below the surface Increase in discharge Increase in discharge Increases with increase Increases with increase in gradient in gradient

32. Flow speed Low velocity (deposition): Inside of curve Inside of curve Edges of river surface Edges of river surface Decrease in discharge Decrease in discharge Decreases with decrease in gradient Decreases with decrease in gradient

35. Stream features depend on 3 major things 1. The type of rock being eroded. 2. The amount of water & sediment 3. The climate of the area

36. Features… Meander – a curve in a mature or old stream

37. Mississippi River

38. Features… Oxbow Lake – crescent- shaped lake formed when a river meander gets cut off from the river and the ends of the original bend have ‘silted up’ Oxbow Lake – crescent- shaped lake formed when a river meander gets cut off from the river and the ends of the original bend have ‘silted up’ –Erosion on the outside bend of a river –Deposition of the inside bend of a river

40. Features… Floodplain – the broad flat valley floor carved by a meandering stream and often covered with water when a stream floods Floodplain – the broad flat valley floor carved by a meandering stream and often covered with water when a stream floods Levee – a natural or artificial bank confining a stream or river channel Levee – a natural or artificial bank confining a stream or river channel

44. Flash Flood – a sudden rush of water, usually caused by a single cloudburst over the narrow valley of a young mountain stream

47. 3 Common types of natural dams A. landslides B. ice jams  C. volcanoes

48. 3 Common types of artificial flood control A. build up levees B. pump rising water into back swamp reservoirs C. build a series of dams and control the overall flow of the river

49. Pothole – deep oval or circular holes cut into a stream bed by abrasion from swirling sand & pebbles. Very large ones are called plunge pools Pothole – deep oval or circular holes cut into a stream bed by abrasion from swirling sand & pebbles. Very large ones are called plunge pools

50. Delta – a fan-shaped deposit of sediment formed at the mouth of a stream or river when it flows into a quiet body of water, such as a lake, gulf, or inland sea (ex. Mississippi & Nile river deltas) Delta – a fan-shaped deposit of sediment formed at the mouth of a stream or river when it flows into a quiet body of water, such as a lake, gulf, or inland sea (ex. Mississippi & Nile river deltas)

51. Laizhou Bay (Laizhou Wan) is the southern arm of the Bohai Sea (also Known as the Bohai Bay, or just Bo Hai), which is a large relatively shallow extension of the Korea Bay

52. Nile River Delta

53. Alluvial Fan – sloping triangular deposits of sediment located where a mountain stream reaches level land (ex. At the foot of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada’s)

54. Angel Falls, Venezuela 

55. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe

56. Niagara Falls

58. Online practice quiz… http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chap 13mult.html http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chap 13mult.html http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chap 13mult.html http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chap 13mult.html

60. Problem: What factors cause the greatest stream erosion? Compare: straight, curvy, very curvy and various heights (1, 2, 3 books)

61. Problem: What factors cause the greatest stream erosion? Compare: straight, curvy, very curvy and various heights (1, 2, 3 books) ========================Problem(research)Hypothesis Design and perform experiment (procedure) Collect Data Analyze Data Conclusion